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Report/ of  the 
STATE  COUNCIL  OF  DEFENSE 


TO  THE 


GOVERNOR  OF  .WASHINGTON , 


DOCUM^NtG  DEP'^'^VIfNT 


REPORT 


OF  THE 


State  Council  of  Defense 


TO  THE 


Governor  of  Washington 


COVERING  ITS  ACTIVITIES 
DURING  THE  WAR 


JUNE   16,  1917  to  JANUARY  9,    1919 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  16th  LEGISLATURE  IN  COMPLIANCE 
WITH  GOVERNOR'S  RECOMMENDATION 


OT^YMPIA^    WASH. 
FRANK    M.    LAMBORN  t^^^o  PUBLIC    PRINTER 
1919 


STATE  OF  WASHINGTON 

Office  of  Governor 

Olympia 


January  15,  1919 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  State  of  Washington: 
I  have  the  honor  to  herewith  transmit  to  you  a  copy  of 
the  report  submitted  to  me  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
covering  its  activities  and  accomplishments  from  the  date  of 
its  appointment,  June  16,  1917,  to  the  date  on  which  it  ended 
its  work,  January  9,  1919.    As  I  stated  in  an  earlier  Message 
to  you  today,  I  consider  the  report  a  document  worthy  of  be- 
ing printed  in  sufficient  quantity  so  that  it  may  be  available 
to  all  members  of  the  Legislature,  and  to  others  who  may  de- 
sire a  copy  of  it.    I  urge  that  the  report  be  printed. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

ERNEST  LISTER, 

Governor. 


.' 

^m^       ^            111 

ERNEST  i;iSTER 

Washington's  War  Governor 
Died  June  14,  1919. 

' 

€rne£(t  ILi^ttv 


\j^  AR'S  grim  demands  on  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington  were  not  satisfied  by  the  outpouring 
of  its  young  manhood  over  the  battlefields  of 
France.  Governor  Ernest  Lister  rislted  and  lost 
his  all  with  the  same  steadfast,  conscious  response 
to  America's  call  as  that  which  carried  more  than 
fifty  thousand  of  Washington's  boys  and  men  into 
the  Army  and  the  Navy.  His  death  did  not  come  as 
the  result  of  sudden  illness  or  quick  accident.  For 
months  before  the  armistice  was  signed  Governor 
Lister  forged  ahead  through  the  multitude  of 
tasks  arising  hourly,  witli  full  knowledge  that  he 
was  paying  out  vitality  which  could  never  return 
to  him.  After  the  close  of  hostilities  he  plunged 
into  the  first  of  the  problems  of  reconstruction 
with  the  same  intense  application,  heedless  of  his 
own  health. 

To  manfully  perform  a  duty,  once  recognized, 
is  a  trait  essential  in  any  one  who  does  big  things, 
but  a  mental  discipline  which  impels  one  to  a  con- 
stant scrutiny  of  events  and  to  unhesitatingly  recog- 
nize and  assume  responsibility,  is  rare  indeed.  The 
keynote  of  Governor  Lister's  policy  throughout  the 
war  was  found  in  ceaseless  vigilance  on  the  part 
of  the  nation,  the  state,  the  community,  the  citizen, 
not  merely  to  perform,  but  to  recognize,  duty. 


h5lO 
CZVJZB 


973 


FINAL   REPORT 

— of— 

WASHINGTON   STATE   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Page 

PART    I.     ORGANIZATION    . 5 

PART  II.     ACTIVITIES: 

Co-ordination  of  Patriotic  Work 18 

Co-operation  in  Direct  Government  Activities.  .  .  32 

Conservation  of  Resources 39 

Home  Defense 53 

Publicity  and  Education 63 

Miscellaneous    68 


WASHINGTON  STATE   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 
FINAL  REPORT 


PART   I.— ORGANIZATION 

Membership  and  Officers. 

On  June  16,  1917,  pursuant  to  recommendation  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  and  the  Conference  of  Gover- 
nors held  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  May  2  and  3,  1917, 
Governor  Ernest  Lister  appointed  the  following  persons  as 
members  of  the  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense : 

Henry  Suzzallo,  Co-ordination  of  Societies  and  Educa- 
tional Institutions,  Seattle. 

W.  A.  Peters,  Home  Defense,  Seattle. 

Charles  Hebberd,  Food  Supply  and  Conservation,  Spo- 
kane. 

Dr.  Ernest  C.  Wheeler,  Sanitation  and  Medicine,  Tacoma. 

E-  P.  Marsh,  Labor,  Everett. 

A.  L.  Rogers,  Farm  Labor,  Waterville. 

Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee,  Woman's  Work,  Hoquiam. 

Everett  G.  Griggs,  Lumber,  Tacoma. 

J.  G.  Kelly,  Publicity,  Walla  Walla. 

George  Donald,  Transportation,  Yakima. 

John  T.  Heffernan,  Manufacturing,  Seattle. 

W.  A.  Lowman,  Fisheries,  Anacortes- 

C.  J.  Lord,  Shipbuilding,  Olympia. 

W.  E.  Boeing,  Aviation,  Seattle. 

E.  S.  McCord,  Law  and  Finance,  Seattle. 

All  of  these  members  served  throughout  the  period  of 
the  State  Council's  existence,  except  Dr.  Wheeler  and  Mr. 
Marsh.  Dr.  Wheeler  was  commissioned  in  the  Army  Medical 
Corps  at  Camp  Lewis  and  resigned  as  member  of  the  Council 
early  in  May,  1918,  because  of  his  inability  to  attend  meetings 
and  give  the  necessary  time  to  his  duties  with  the  State  Coun- 
cil of  Defense.  Mr.  Marsh  resigned  as  member  of  the  Council 
shortly  after  his  appointment  to  President  Wilson's  Labor 
Mediation  Board,  because  of  his  almost  continuous  absence 

[5] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

from  the  state  in  connection  with  the  Mediation  Board's 
duties-  Governor  Lister  appointed  William  Short,  President 
of  the  Washington  State  Federation  of  Labor,  to  succeed  Mr. 
Marsh  and  appointed  W.  J.  Patterson,  of  Aberdeen,  to  fill 
the  vacancy  occasioned  by  Dr.  Wheeler's  resignation. 

At  the  first  Council  meeting.  Dr.  Henry  Suzzallo  was 
elected  Chairman  and  Director  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 
Subsequently  the  Council  authorized  him  to  select  a  member 
as  Vice-Chairman  and  he  appointed  Mr.  W.  A.  Peters  to  that 
office.  On  numerous  occasions  Dr.  Suzzallo  was  called  out  of 
the  state  on  special  service  for  the  Federal  Government, 
chiefly  to  assist  in  investigating  and  conferring  on  threat- 
ened strikes  and  labor  disputes,  and,  later,  with  preliminary 
plans  for  the  Students  Army  Training  Corps.  During  the 
three  months  immediately  preceding  the  armistice.  Dr.  Suz- 
zallo was  obliged  to  give  practically  all  of  his  time  to  special 
work  for  the  War,  Navy  and  Labor  Departments,  making 
several  extended  trips  to  Washington,  D.  C.  From  the  early 
part  of  June,  1918,  until  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  Mr. 
Peters  acted  as  Chairman  and  Director  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense- 

On  July  3rd,  1917,  M.  P.  Goodner,  of  Seattle,  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Chairman  as  Executive  Secretary  and  was  in 
charge  of  the  office  of  the  Council  at  Olympia  throughout 
the  period  of  its  activity. 

State  Council  of  Defense  Meetings. 

Although  the  members  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
received  no  compensation  for  their  services  and  no  allowance 
whatever  for  expenses,  sixteen  regular  meetings  of  the  Coun- 
cil were  held,  with  attendance  ranging  from  ten  to  fourteen. 
The  first  and  organization  meeting  was  held  in  Olympia  on 
June  25th  and  26th,  1917.  During  the  summer  and  early  fall 
of  1917  meetings  were  held  at  intervals  of  two  weeks ;  later  the 
period  was  extended  to  an  average  of  five  weeks.  Of  the 
regular  meetings,  three  were  held  in  Olympia,  one  in  Yakima, 
seven  in  Tacoma  and  five  in  Seattle,  besides  the  War  Confer- 
ences in  Seattle  and  Spokane  in  May,  1918.    Numerous  special 

[6] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

hearings  before  committees  of  the  Council  were  held  at  Yaki- 
ma, Tacoma,  Spokane  and  other  cities. 

Scope  of  This  Report. 

The  activities  outlined  in  this  report  are  necessarily  limit- 
ed to  those  initiated  by  the  Council  or  its  executive  officers 
under  general  or  special  suggestions  from  the  Federal  or 
State  Government.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  cover  ade- 
quately the  vast  field  of  work  performed  by  the  fifteen  mem- 
bers of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  in  their  individual  capaci- 
ties, although  during  the  first  months  of  the  Council's  life  the 
individual  efforts  of  the  members  and  those  chosen  by  them 
on  their  advisory  committees  constituted  a  very  necessary 
and  potent  influence  in  hastening  the  crystalization  of  senti- 
ment supporting  the  Government  in  prosecuting  the  war. 
After  nineteen  months  of  war,  during  many  months  of  which 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  American  soldiers  have  been  on 
foreign  soil,  our  memories  are  so  crowded  with  vivid  pictures 
all  witnessing  unity  of  aims  and  hopes  that  it  is  impossible  to 
re-live  those  first  weeks  of  uncertainty  through  which  we 
groped,  conscious  that  thousands  of  loyal  Americans  did  not 
yet  grasp  the  real  meaning  of  our  struggle  with  Germany.  We 
cannot  now  lift  out  of  the  maze  those  vital  moments  and 
those  vital  acts  which  so  quickly  drew  the  clear  line  between 
patriotism  and  selfishness,  between  a  short-sighted  choice  of 
today's  false  security  for  tomorrow's  lasting  peace,  but  here 
and  there  in  those  first  days  were  courageous,  clear- seeing 
men  and  women  whose  wholesome  word  and  decisive  act  drew 
around  them  an  ever-widening  circle  of  robust  patriots. 
There  are  few  States  in  the  Union  where  the  prompt  rallying 
of  the  people  was  more  vital  to  the  winning  of  the  war. 
Washington's  forests  of  fir,  white  pine  and  spruce,  her  ship- 
yards, her  fields  of  wheat,  her  fisheries,  her  orchards  and  her 
canneries  gave  her  a  position  of  unique  importance  and  the 
huge  task  of  marshalling  these  assets  to  the  Nation's  use  was 
begun  by  small  groups  of  citizens  who  sprang  to  action  at  a 
time  when  the  great  majority  of  the  people  had  slight  con- 
ception of  the  issues  involved. 

[7] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


Woman's  Part. 

Though  a  separate  report  will  be  made  covering  the  work 
of  the  department  of  Woman's  Work  and  the  State  Division 
of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense, 
a  word  of  appreciation  of  the  really  wonderful  spirit  of  co- 
operation everywhere  exhibited  is  not  out  of  place  here- 
Throughout  the  State  the  loyal  women  responded  to  every  call 
made,  and  the  gigantic  task  of  carrying  the  Government's 
messages  and  appeals  into  the  homes  of  the  people  could  never 
have  been  accomplished  without  the  never-failing  readiness 
of  the  women  to  understand  the  need  and  to  act.  Mrs.  Mc- 
Kee  won  the  respect  of  every  member  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  with  her  keen  appreciation  of  the  issues  involved  and 
of  the  necessity  of  bringing  the  issues  to  every  home,  with  her 
constant  endeavor  to  concentrate  all  effort  on  securing  prac- 
tical results  and  her  tireless,  unselfish  labor  throughout  the 
period  of  the  war. 

Co-operation  with  Governor  Lister. 

During  the  whole  period  of  the  State  Council's  activi- 
ties, Governor  Lister  exhibited  the  keenest  interest  in  the  work. 
There  was  never  a  time  when  he  was  unwilling  to  give  careful 
consideration  to  the  problems  constantly  arising  for  decision, 
and  while  always  willing  to  express  an  opinion  at  no  time 
did  he  attempt  to  bias  judgment  of  the  State  Council  in  for- 
mulating its  policies.  At  times,  particularly  during  the  first 
few  months  of  the  work,  the  Council  asked  the  Governor  to 
issue  statements,  spoken  or  written,  to  assist  in  forming  public 
opinion  behind  policies  considered  important  but  which  were 
not  easily  inaugurated.  Except  during  the  time  that  the 
Governor's  health  prevented  his  active  participation  in  public 
affairs,  he  was  present  at  every  meeting  of  the  Council. 
Aside  from  the  few  persons  who  were  in  closest  touch  with 
the  situation,  the  people  of  the  State  can  have  no  adequate 
understanding  of  the  multitude  of  problems  which  came  to 
the  Governor's  desk  for  decision.  Many  of  them  presented 
features  absolutely  unique,  and  that  the  State  escaped  disas- 

[8] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

trous  instances  of  mob  violence  is  due  largely  to  the  sane,  far- 
seeing  policy  of  Governor  Lister. 

County  Councils  of  Patriotic  Service  (County 
Councils  of  Defense.) 

At  the  meeting  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  held  in 
Yakima  on  July  2nd,  1917,  it  was  voted  to  organize  a  County 
Council  of  Patriotic  Service  in  each  County  of  the  State;  a 
committee  of  the  Council  selected  a  list  of  thirty-nine  tempo- 
rary county  chairmen,  each  of  whom  was  written  a  personal 
letter  asking  his  immediate  action  in  calling  together  repre- 
sentative citizens  of  unquestioned  loyalty  to  organize  the  Coun- 
ty Council.  Within  a  few  days  the  reports  of  the  preliminary 
organizations  began  to  come  in  and  within  a  month  the  great 
majority  of  the  counties  had  formed  County  Councils.  In  a 
few  counties,  owing  to  local  conditions,  it  was  necessary  to 
send  personal  representatives  of  the  State  Council  to  initiate 
the  work.  By  reason  of  resignation  or  the  multitude  of  duties 
laid  on  the  shoulders  of  two  or  three  of  the  county  chairmen 
their  councils  never  attained  that  degree  of  efficiency  reach- 
ed in  the  majority  of  counties,  but  on  the  whole  the  plan  was 
found  to  be  practicable,  economical  and  efficient.  The  County 
Councils  later  were  designated  as  County  Councils  of  Defense. 

In  order  to  knit  closer  together  the  County  Councils  and 
various  organizations  co-operating  with  the  State  Council  of 
Defense,  a  joint  conference  of  patriotic  workers  was  held  in 
Yakima  on  October  3rd  and  4th,  1917.  Many  valuable  sug- 
gestions were  made  by  representatives  of  the  County  Councils 
and  the  importance  of  extending  the  organization  into  all  the 
communities  of  the  State  was  emphasized.  At  this  convention 
the  County  Councils  assumed  the  responsibility  of  carrying  on 
the  Hoover  pledge  card  campaign  throughout  the  State,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Charles  Hebberd,  Federal  Food  Adminis- 
trator. 

The  limited  funds  available  for  the  use  of  the  State  Coun- 
cil made  it  impossible  to  send  personal  representatives  to  all 
the  counties,  though  the  Chairman,  yice-Chairman  and  Execu- 

[9] 


Report  of  WasMngton  State  CoimcU  of  Defense 

tive  Secretary  visited  many  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense 
and  assisted  in  organizing  or  reorganizing  several  of  tliem. 
Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee,  member  of  the  State  Council,  in  charge  of 
Woman's  Work,  visited  a  large  number  of  the  counties  and 
was  of  great  assistance  in  carrying  on  the  State  Council's 
work. 

Frequent  reports  from  the  County  Councils  were  required 
and  at  intervals  questionnaires  as  to  activities  under  way  were 
sent  out.  With  very  few  exceptions,  the  organization  and 
personnel  of  the  County  Councils  were  as  efficient  and  as 
effective  as  was  possible  without  large  appropriations  avail- 
able. In  a  few  counties  malicious  rumors  were  started  to  the 
effect  that  the  Chairman  of  the  County  Council  of  Defense 
was  being  paid  for  his  services  and  this  belief  caused  more  or 
less  difficulty  in  recruiting  volunteers  for  help  in  the  various 
lines  of  work.  The  State  Council  of  Defense  procured  lists 
of  leading  citizens  in  such  counties  and  sent  them  letters  ex- 
plaining the  true  situation  and  urging  them  to  render  the 
county  chairman  every  possible  assistance  and  to  see  that  the 
public  generally  understood  the  sacrifice  of  time  and  money 
each  chairman  was  making. 

The  amount  of  time  and  labor  contributed  by  the  Chair- 
men of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  could  not  be  computed 
in  terms  of  dollars  and  cents.  In  no  less  a  sense  than  a  soldier 
detailed  to  solitary  guard  duty  with  but  his  own  loyalty  to 
know  and  applaud  his  tireless  vigilance  did  these  Chairmen 
of  the  County  Councils  express  their  eager  patriotism  in  their 
ceaseless  effort.  An  almost  unbelievable  total  of  vital  but  un- 
interesting and  irksome  detailed  work  has  been  done  and  the 
men  who  did  it  must  look  for  their  compensation  in  the  know- 
ledge that  they  met  and  endured  a  real  test  of  loyalty. 

War  Conferences. 

Pursuant  to  request  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense, 
War  Conferences  were  held  in  Seattle  on  May  24th  and  25th 
and  in  Spokane  on  May  27th  and  28th,  1918.  The  programs 
in  the  two  cities  were  very  similar;  during  the  forenoon  of 

[10] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

the  first  day  sectional  meetings  were  held  simultaneously  by 
representatives  of  the  following: 

War  Savings  Committee 

Child  Welfare  Committees 

Americanization  Committees 

Food  Administration 

Prosecuting  Attorneys  and  Sheriffs 

Red  Cross 
State,  district  or  county  heads  of  these  agencies  presid- 
ed at  the  sectional  conferences  and  after  brief  formal  addresses 
round-table  discussions  were  had,  bringing  out  practical  sug- 
gestions for  the  improvement  of  the  patriotic  work  over  the 
State. 

The  afternoon  sessions  were  given  over  to  addresses  and 
discussions  by  Dr.  James  A.  B-  Scherer,  representing  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  and  Prof.  Guy  Stanton  Ford, 
representing  Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Mass  meetings,  open  to  the  public,  were  held  in  the  even- 
ing and  addresses  delivered  by  Mr.  George  B.  Chandler,  rep- 
resenting the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  Lieutenant 
Paul  Perigord,  of  the  French  Army,  representing  the  Commit- 
tee on  Public  Information.  These  evening  meetings  in  both 
cities  were  attended  by  thousands  and  were  among  the  most 
enthusiastic  of  all  the  public  gatherings  held  during  the  war. 

The  second  day  of  the  conferences  was  given  over  to  a 
joint  meeting  of  the  State  and  County  Councils  of  Defense, 
with  a  very  extended  discussion  of  plans  and  methods,  partic- 
ularly on  the  following  subjects:  Policy  on  War  Collections; 
Organization  and  Work  of  the  Community  Councils  of  De- 
fense; Handling  Disloyalty. 

Both  in  Seattle  and  in  Spokane  several  hundred  repre- 
sentatives of  the  State,  County  and  Local  Councils  of  Defense 
were  in  attendance  and  the  inspiration  and  exchange  of  ideas 
made  possible  by  the  War  Conferences  resulted  in  a  great 
improvement  in  the  patriotic  work  over  the  State. 


[11] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Local  Councils. 

As  early  as  July  19th,  1917,  the  Washington  State  Coun- 
cil, appreciating  the  necessity  of  having  a  final  point  of  con- 
tact between  the  National  and  State  defense  machinery  and 
the  individual  patriot,  called  on  the  County  Councils  to  or- 
ganize auxiliaries  in  every  city,  town  and  village.  In  many  of 
the  counties  this  suggestion  was  immediately  adopted  and  a 
network  of  local  councils  was  constructed  which  continued  to 
carry  the  bulk  of  the  patriotic  work  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
The  State  Council  printed  and  furnished  to  the  County  Coun- 
cils "Pledges  of  Patriotic  Service,"  the  signing  of  which  was 
made  the  sole  qualification  for  membership  in  the  local  coun- 
cil in  many  counties. 

On  March  30th,  1918,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  mailed 
to  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  copies  of  a  letter  written 
by  Governor  Lister  to  Mr.  Harold  Preston,  Chairman  of  tlie 
King  County  Council  of  Defense,  recommending  that  regis- 
trants who  had  been  placed  in  deferred  classifications  be  or- 
ganized as  auxiliary  Councils  of  Patriotic  Service  throughout 
the  State.  This  plan  was  followed  in  King  County  and  was 
found  to  be  most  practicable  in  a  large  city.  The  men  whose 
physical  conditions  or  circumstances  were  such  as  to  render 
them  exempt  from  military  duty  generally  felt  impelled  to 
demonstrate  their  patriotism  by  giving  an  unusual  amount  of 
their  time  to  patriotic  work  and  in  many  cases  this  group  of 
men  formed  the  nucleus  about  which  a  most  active  local  coun- 
cil of  defense  was  organized. 

Jn  May,  1918,  the  State  Council  issued  its  Bulletin  No. 
107,  outlining  fully  the  purpose,  organization  and  method  of 
local  or  community  Councils  of  Defense.  This  bulletin  pre- 
sented the  view  of  the  State  Council  as  based  on  its  experience 
of  the  previous  ten  months'  work.  The  tremendous  saving  in 
time  and  effort  possible  where  the  Council  of  Defense  ma- 
chinery was  used  as  the  universal  vehicle  for  patriotic  work 
and  the  equally  important  advantage  of  reaching  the  loyal 
people  of  the  State  directly  and  quickly  through  one  organi- 
zation were  emphasized.  Special  stress  was  laid  upon  the  im- 
portance of  carefully  planning  the  jurisdiction  of  the  respec- 

[12] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

tive  local  councils  so  as  to  enable  every  loyal  citizen  to  be- 
come a  member  of  the  defense  organization.  The  use  of  pa- 
triotic leagues  or  other  societies  already  at  work  was  advo- 
cated, where  the  local  conditions  allowed  proper  remodeling 
to  fit  the  needs  of  the  defense  machinery.  A  form  of  consti- 
tution was  given.  The  Council  of  National  Defense  tele- 
graphed for  sufficient  number  of  copies  of  this  bulletin  to 
furnish  one  to  each  of  the  State  Councils  of  Defense,  and  in 
several  of  the  states  the  form  of  organization  and  the  general 
explanation  of  the  purposes  and  methods  of  the  community 
councils  of  defense  were  very  closely  followed.  The  State  of 
Indiana  found  our  plan  especially  practicable  and  useful. 

Finances. 

The  1917  Legislature  having  adjourned  prior  to  the 
United  States'  entering  the  war  no  appropriation  had  been 
made  for  the  expenses  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 
Offices  were  provided  in  the  Capitol  Building  at  Olympia  and 
the  salaries  of  the  executive  secretary  and  stenographic  force, 
telephone  and  telegraph  expenses,  printing  and  office  supplies, 
were  paid  out  of  a  fund  of  $5,000.00  which  had  been  appro- 
priated to  the  Governor  for  investigation  purposes.  When 
this  fund  became  exhausted,  early  in  the  fall  of  1918,  at  the 
request  of  the  Governor  five  members  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense  each  advanced  $500,  with  the  understanding  that 
the  Governor  would  request  reimbursement  by  the  1919  Leg- 
islature. 

The  majority  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  paid  their 
incidental  expenses  out  of  a  small  fund  raised  by  the  members 
themselves.  The  chairman  of  the  County  Councils  have  expend- 
ed a  large  amount  of  their  own  funds  in  postage,  stenographic 
hire,  etc.,  although  the  State  Council  has  repeatedly  urged 
that  these  expenses  should  be  otherwise  provided  for.  In 
several  larger  counties  arrangements  were  made  with  the 
County  Commissioners  for  the  employment  of  an  executive 
secretary  and  a  stenographer  and  the  State  Council  had  con- 
sidered the  advisability  of  asking  the   1919   Legislature  to 

[13] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

authorize  County  Commissioners  to  provide  funds  for  main- 
tenance of  County  Councils  of  Defense. 

Committees  and  Sub-Committees. 

Following  the  plan  recommended  by  the  Council  of 
National  Defense,  Governor  Lister,  in  appointing  the  members 
of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  selected  them  with  special 
reference  to  their  qualifications  as  heads  of  fifteen  specified 
departments,  as  given  on  page  5  of  this  report.  Owing  to  the 
gradual  extension  of  the  field  of  work  covered  by  official 
Federal  agencies  and  in  a  few  instances  to  the  impracticability 
of  conducting  certain  kinds  of  work  because  of  conditions  pe- 
culiar to  this  State,  many  of  the  departments  originally  named 
were  not  required  to  carry  on  special  activities  and  hence  are 
not  separately  described  in  this  report.  The  State  Council  of 
Defense  recognized  the  wisdom  of  its  acting  chiefly  as  a  policy- 
making body,  functioning  through  its  county  and  local 
branches,  and  such  committees  and  sub-committees  as  were 
found  really  necessary.  With  few  exceptions,  the  activities 
of  the  Council  are  classified  by  subject  rather  than  by  refer- 
ence to  the  member,  officer  or  committee  under  whose  direc- 
tion they  were  carried  on. 

The  committees  and  sub-committees  whose  work  continued 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  period  of  the  war  are  as 
follows : 

Committees  (in  Charge  of  Members  of  State  Council) : 

Co-ordination,  Henry  Suzzallo,  Chairman; 

Home  Defense,  W.  A.  Peters,  Chairman; 

Food  Supply  and  Conservation,  Charles  Hebberd,  Chair- 
man; 

Labor,  E.  P.  Marsh,  Chairman;  later,  Wm.  Short,  Chair- 
man; 

Farm  Labor,  A.  L-  Rogers,  Chairman; 

Woman's  Work,  Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee,  Chairman; 

War  Economy,  C.  J.  Lord,  Chairman; 

Non-War  Construction,  J.  T.  Heffernan,  Chairman. 

[14] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

Associated  Federal  Agencies   (Specially  Organized  for  War 
Work) : 

Liberty  Loan,  J.  A.  Swalwell,  State  Chairman; 

War  Savings,  Daniel  Kelleher,  State  Chairman; 

Food  Administration,  (see  Committee  on  Food  Supply) 
Charles  Hebberd,  Federal  Food  Administrator; 

Fuel  Administration,  David  Whitcomb,  succeeded  by 
Winlock  W.  Miller,  Federal  Fuel  Administrator; 

Red  Cross,  C.  D.  Stimson,  Director  Northwestern  Di- 
vision ; 

Explosives,  W.  G.  Ronald,  State  Director; 

Four-Minute  Men,  M.  P.  Goodner,  State  Director; 

American  Protective  League,  State  Inspector  S.  J.  Lom- 
bard; 

Public  Service  Reserve,  Robert  Moran,  State  Director; 

Boys'  Working  Reserve,  Robert  Moran,  State  Director. 

Sub-Committees.    (Appointed  by  State  Council  of  Defense) : 

Much  of  the  work  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  requir- 
ing expert  knowledge  or  special  training  along  technical 
lines  was  done  by  sub-committees  appointed  by  the  Chairman 
or  members  of  the  Council.  At  various  times  the  Council 
''borrowed"  members  of  the  faculty  of  the  higher  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  State  for  special  tasks  extending 
over  too  short  a  period  of  time  to  require  the  formation  of  a 
permanent  committee.  The  following  outline  will  give  a  gen- 
eral idea  of  the  work  of  these  sub-committees  whose  activi- 
ties covered  a  considerable  portion  of  the  war  period : 

Commercial  Economy:.  E.  F.  Dahm,  Chairman.  Aimed  to  elimi- 
nate unnecessary  deliveries  of  goods  and  other  personal  service  re- 
quiring labor  needed  for  more  essential  work;  to  reduce  working 
hours  where  necessary  so  as  to  allow  concerns  employing  women  and 
minors  to  compete  with  those  employing  men;  to  bring  about  econo- 
mies in  business  to  conserve  fuel,  transportation,  credit,  labor  and 
those  materials  most  needed  in  winning  the  war;  to  educate  the 
public  to  cheerfully  bear  the  inconveniences  occasioned  by  with- 
drawal of  men  from  industry  into  the  Army  and  Navy. 

War  History:  Prof.  E.  S.  Meany,  Chairman.  Compiled  history 
of  the   various   counties    in   the    war;    collected   photographs,    news- 

[15] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

paper  and  magazine  articles,  personal  letters  and  various  forms  of 
material  of  value  from  historical  standpoint.  Committee  had  special 
representative  in  every  county  of  the  state.  Co-operated  with  Pic- 
torial Section  of  the  War  Department. 

Photographic  War  History:  O.  L.  Angvire  (Spokane),  Chairman. 
Secured  co-operation  of  photographers  of  state  in  collecting  for  War 
Department  large  numbers  of  photographs  of  men  and  events  of  his- 
torical interest. 

War  inventions:  Prof.  H.  K.  Benson,  Chairman.  Studied  inven- 
tions and  ideas  submitted  to  State  Council  calculated  to  be  of  value 
in  prosecution  of  the  war.  Several  devices  were  recommended  to 
the  Federal  Government  for  careful  investigation. 

Emergency  War  Legisiation:  Prof.  Ivan  W.  Goodner.  Compiled  and 
digested  the  laws  of  all  states  of  the  Union,  save  two,  and  of  Alaska 
and  Hawaii,  relative  to  the  war  emergency.  Furnished  copy  of  report 
to  Council  of  National  Defense  and  to  several  State  Councils  of  De- 
fense by  special  request. 

Library  Co-operation:  John  B.  Kaiser  (City  Librarian,  Tacoma). 
Gathered,  compiled  and  arranged  vast  quantity  of  books,  magazines 
and  pamphlets  on  patriotic  subjects.  Investigated  and  prepared  lists 
of  articles  containing  "pro-German"  subject-matter. 

Research  and  Substitute  i^ateriais:  Prof.  H.  K.  Benson,  Chair- 
man. Made  scientific  study  of  large  number  of  materials  for  war 
emergency  use.  Developed  practical  use  of  sphagnum  moss  in  manu- 
facture of  surgical  dressings;  preparation  of  digitalis  from  purple 
foxglove  for  medicinal  use;  conducted  tests  for  use  of  fir  and  other 
materials  as  substitute  for  spruce  in  air-plane  construction;  devel- 
oped manufacture  of  explosives  and  means  of  producing  gas  as  means 
of  warfare;  war  use  of  antimony,  cryolite,  etc;  mineral  substitutes. 

Civics  of  Conservation:  F.  E.  Bolton,  Director.  Assisted  Federal 
Government  in  distributing  pamphlets  and  encouraging  the  teaching 
by  public  and  private  schools  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  demo- 
cratic government  involved  in  the  war. 

Radio  Buzzer  Instruction:  C.  R.  Frazier,  Director.  Encouraged 
instruction  in  wireless  telegraphy  in  connection  with  his  duties  as 
Federal  Director  Vocational  Education. 

Military  Map  Making:  Prof.  Joseph  Daniels,  Chairman.  Work- 
ed directly  under  instructions  from  War  Department  in  obtaining, 
digesting  and  exhibiting  in  map  form  exhaustive  information  as  to 
roads,  transportation,  bridges,  natural  features,  rivers,  power  lines, 
communications,  storage  facilities,  etc.,  for  war-use. 

[16] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

Highways  Transport:  W.  C.  Baldwin,  Chairman.  Works  directly 
under  Highways  Transport  Committee  of  Council  of  National  Defense 
in  encouraging  use  of  motor  trucks  to  relieve  congestion  on  railways 
and  to  stimulate  greater  production  of  food  products  in  outlying 
sections. 

Liberty  Choruses  and  Community  Singing:  Preliminary  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  for  the  stimulation  of  this  work  over  the  State 
under  the  direction  of  H.  W.  Newton,  of  Spokane.  Co-operation  with 
all  local  organizations  already  operating  and  with  the  Four-Minute- 
Men  singing  plan  was  provided  for. 

(For  committees,  departments  and  sub-committees  in  Woman's 
Work,  see  accompanying  report  of  Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee.) 


-2  [  17  ] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 


PART  n. 
ACTIVITIES  OF  THE  STATE  COUNCIL  OF  DEFENSE. 

The  work  of  State,  County  and  Community  Councils  of 
Defense  may  be  classified  under  the  following  general  sub- 
jects : 

Co-ordination  of  Patriotic  Work, 

Co-operation  in  Direct  Governmental  Activities, 

Conservation  of  Resources, 

Home  Defense, 

Publicity  and  Education, 

Miscellaneous. 

Co-ordination. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  from  the  first  keenly  appre- 
ciated the  importance  of  a  wise  co-ordination  of  the  multitude 
of  activities  begun  throughout  the  Nation  immediately  after 
our  entering  the  war.  Not  only  has  this  work  been  the  most 
important  function  of  the  defense  organization,  but  for  a 
number  of  reasons  it  has  been  the  most  difficult  and  sometimes 
harassing  task  of  the  many  undertaken.  While  the  over- 
whelming majority  of  the  people  of  the  State  felt  the  neces- 
sity of  laying  aside  personal  ambition  and  vanity  in  order  to 
make  concentrated  effort  possible,  the  extremely  small  frac- 
tion of  one  per  cent  whose  selfishness  or  stubborn  vanity  has 
at  times  seemed  greater  than  their  patriotism,  has  brought  to 
the  State  and  County  Councils  of  Defense  some  of  the  most 
unpleasant  and  disheartening  situations  of  all  that  were  en- 
countered in  the  work. 

The  resolution  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  adopted 
November  2nd,  1917,  to  the  effect  ''that  voluntary  patriotic 
organizations  and  committees  in  each  state  work  through  and 
under  the  guidance  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense"  was  of 
great  assistance  in  co-ordinating  the  multitude  of  activities 
which  arose  during  the  first  few  months  of  the  war.  In  one 
or  two  counties  some  slight  disagreements  arose  through  the 

[18] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

tendency  on  the  part  of  the  County  Council  of  Defense  to 
consider  the  word  '' co-ordinate"  as  synonymous  with  ''man- 
age," but  in  the  great  majority  of  cases  all  concerned  were 
more  than  willing  to  have  one  central  body  survey  the  field 
and  indicate  the  scope  of  work  for  each  organization. 

In  a  few  counties  this  co-operative  spirit  was  so  effective 
that  it  became  an  impossibility  to  carry  on  any  line  of  war 
work  without  the  approval  of  the  County  Council  of  Defense 
and  as  in  those  counties  the  councils  were  composed  of  a  very 
representative  group  of  men  working  steadily  toward  a  com- 
mon end,  there  was  no  possibility  of  an  improper  use  of  this 
strength. 

Discouraging  Duplication  of  Effort. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  attempted  to  keep  on  file 
accurate  information  concerning  the  purpose  and  methods  of 
all  important  organizations  carrying  on  war  work  in  the  state. 
With  truly  American  independence  the  great  majority  of  or- 
ganizations had  given  little  or  no  consideration  to  the  im- 
portance of  studying  the  field  carefully  before  commencing 
work,  though  with  few  exceptions  they  cheerfully  furnished 
the  necessary  information  upon  request. 

During  the  early  fall  of  1917  several  apparently  conflict- 
ing requests  for  assistance  to  the  Army  Commission  on 
Training  Camp  Activities  were  received.  Requests  were 
presented  by  various  representatives  of  the  Commission  who 
apparently  were  operating  on  independent  instructions  and 
without  a  proper  degree  of  co-ordination.  The  confusion  be- 
came so  great  that  the  State  Council  was  obliged  to  advise 
the  representatives  of  the  Commission  that  the  active  as- 
sistance of  the  State  and  County  Councils  could  be  had  only 
where  all  requests  for  such  assistance  were  presented  by  a 
state  director  or  manager  to  be  designated  by  the  Commission 
for  all  its  work  in  this  state.  The  matter  was  also  taken  up 
with  the  State  Councils  section  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  and  shortly  afterward  Mr.  A.  W.  Leonard  of  Seattle 
was  appointed  State  Director  of  Soldiers  Welfare  and  since 
that  time  no  confusion  has  arisen. 

[19] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Not  merely  because  of  limited  funds,  but  through  a  de- 
sire to  conserve  the  time  and  labor  of  the  patriotic  workers  of 
the  state,  a  great  many  activities  carried  on  in  other  states, 
but  not  considered  of  first  importance,  were  not  begun  in  the 
state  of  Washington.  For  example,  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  discouraged  the  registration  of  women  and  refused 
to  authorize  the  universal  registration  of  patriotic  citizens  for 
war  work-  The  State  Council  repeatedly  urged  the  federal 
authorities  to  cancel  plans  which  called  for  work  not  consid- 
ered vital  to  this  state.  Among  these  was  the  registration 
carried  on  by  the  United  States  Public  Service  Reserve.  So 
long  as  this  registration  was  confined  to  the  listing  of  actual 
ship-workers,  mechanics,  engineers  and  other  men  especially 
needed  to  assist  the  Government  in  its  war  industries,  the 
State  Council  considered  it  advisable  and  was  glad  to  offer 
its  machinery  to  assist  in  the  work.  But  it  developed  that  the 
plan  involved  the  registration  of  every  man  who  was  loyal  to 
the  Government.  This,  in  the  opinion  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense,  destroyed  the  value  of  the  plan  and  while  there 
was  undoubtedly  a  certain  gain  in  the  wide  publicity  given 
and  the  display  of  the  badge  as  an  outward  symbol  of  the 
wearer's  patriotism,  we  still  believe  that  the  energy  expended 
would  have  been  of  a  great  deal  more  benefit  along  other 
lines.  Undoubtedly  hundreds  of  men  registered  in  the  Public 
Service  Reserve  believed  that  the  Government  would  call  them 
as  soon  as  they  were  needed.  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  think 
that  many  of  these  men  might  have  volunteered  for  active 
service  in  the  ship  yards  or  otherwise  had  they  not  felt  that 
they  were  following  the  government's  wishes  in  awaiting  a 
call.  This  opinion  was  justified  by  the  publicity  given;  the 
registrants  under  the  Public  Service  Reserve  were  warned 
over  and  over  again  **to  stay  on  their  jobs  until  called."  A 
universal  registration  of  this  kind  was  bound  to  result  in 
collecting  a  great  mass  of  statistics  which  could  never  be 
effectively  used  in  such  an  emergency  as  existed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1918. 

Undoubtedly  a  certain  percentage  of  the  work  taken  up 
by  the  State  Council  proved  to  be  impracticable  or  at  least 

[20] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

of  small  relative  importance,  but  the  Council  has  at  no  time 
insisted  on  proceeding  with  work  simply  because  it  had  been 
begun,  and  every  bulletin  which  was  issued  to  the  County 
Councils  had  been  carefully  considered  and  was  believed  to 
be  essential  to  some  important  activity.  A  number  of  tasks 
suggested  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense  were  obviously 
inapplicable  in  this  state  and  were  not  begun. 

Solicitation  of  Funds. 

Acting  under  the  resolution  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  which  directed  the  State  Council  of  Defense  to  super- 
vise all  public  appeals  for  funds  for  war  work,  the  State 
Council  gradually  evolved  a  policy  covering  the  whole  field 
of  war  donations. 

Early  in  1918  the  applications  for  the  State  Council's 
approval  to  various  campaigns  for  war  funds  became  so  nu- 
merous that  the  subject  required  by  far  the  greater  portion 
of  the  attention  of  the  executive  officers  and  the  State  Coun- 
cil itself.    On  March  9th  the  following  statement  was  issued: 

''The  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense  offi- 
cially disapproves  of  all  drives,  campaigns  and  ap- 
peals to  the  public  for  war  funds,  between  March 
15th  and  June  15th,  1918,  except  the  following : 

1.  Liberty  Bonds 

2 .  War  Savings  Stamps  and  Certificates 

3.  Red  Cross 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  urges  all  patriotic  citi- 
zens to  make  liberal  investments  in  War  Savings 
Stamps  and  Certificates  and  in  Liberty  Bonds,  and  to 
make  generous  contributions  to  Red  Cross  Funds." 

This  was  found  to  be  of  very  material  aid  in  the  sale  of 
Liberty  Bonds,  War  Savings  Stamps  and  particularly  in  the 
Red  Cross  Campaign  in  May.  Many  minor  campaigns  for 
funds  were  discouraged  and  several  were  definitely  discon- 
tinued because  of  the  State  Council's  belief  that  they  would 
interfere  with  the  Government's  own  financing  and  the  Red 
Cross  needs. 

The  various  features  of  its  policy  on  war  donations  were 
compiled  and  on  June  25th,  1918,  issued  as  Bulletin  No.  114. 

[21] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

This  bulletin  explained  the  authority  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  in  passing  on  the  solicitation  of  funds  for  patriotic 
work,  set  forth  fully  the  forms  of  solicitations  which  ought 
and  ought  not  to  require  the  State  Council's  approval,  an- 
nounced definitely  that  no  campaign  for  the  support  of  insti- 
tutions not  organized  primarily  for  war  work  should  be  com- 
bined with  an  appeal  for  funds  for  war  work;  fixed  the 
method  of  establishing  the  quotas  of  each  county  and  in  the 
state  to  be  used  in  all  state-wide  campaigns;  authorized  the 
County  Councils  to  fix  the  quotas  of  smaller  sub-divisions; 
prohibited  the  collection  by  any  organization  (except  the  Red 
Cross)  of  any  money  in  excess  of  the  quota  fixed  for  any 
county  in  the  state  and  outlined  the  method  of  applying  for 
the  approval  of  the  State  Council  for  proposed  campaigns  or 
drives  for  funds. 

In  some  instances  it  was  found  that  local  organizations, 
such  as  Chambers  of  Commerce  or  Commercial  Clubs,  had 
approved  of  campaigns  for  funds  in  a  single  county  in  an 
amount  greater  than  the  State  Council  considered  was  proper 
to  be  raised  in  the  whole  state.  The  prevalent  plan  in  fixing 
the  quotas  had  been  to  consider  only  the  ease  with  which  the 
money  might  be  obtained,  with  the  inevitable  result  that 
where  the  organization  carrying  on  the  campaign  happened 
to  have  its  most  efficient  representatives  the  quota  was  cor- 
respondingly large.  This  resulted  in  certain  communities  and 
certain  individuals  within  each  community  being  solicited  over 
and  over  again  while  large  portions  of  the  state  and  the  great 
majority  of  the  people  at  large  received  little  or  no  personal 
appeal. 

The  original  schedule  of  county  quotas  was  based  on  an 
impartial  average  of  percentages  of  assessed  valuation,  bank 
deposits  and  school  population  in  their  respective  ratios  to  the 
state  at  large.  Owing  to  poor  crops  and  to  heavy  loss  in  man 
power  in  various  counties  in  Eastern  Washington,  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  later  revised  its  quotas  by  allowing  a  re- 
duction of  one-third  to  six  counties  considered  to  be  the  most 
seriously  effected  by  adverse  conditions.  This  reduction  was 
absorbed  by  fourteen  counties  in  Western  Washington  which 

[22] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

were  enjoying  unusual  prosperity,  due  directly  to  war 
industries. 

Although  the  policy  of  the  State  Council  on  the  subject 
of  war  donations  brought  upon  it  some  of  the  bitterest  criti- 
cism to  which  it  was  subjected  at  any  time,  the  members  of 
the  Council  firmly  believe  that  its  policy  was  in  every  respect 
correct  and  that  had  the  war  continued  it  would  have  become 
necessary  to  exercise  an  even  greater  restriction  in  passing 
upon  requests  for  approval  to  solicitations.  It  was  found 
that  the  enthusiasm  of  individuals  responsible  for  a  given 
patriotic  work  almost  inevitably  blinded  them  to  the  import- 
ance of  all  other  war  work  and  allowed  them  unconsciously 
to  adopt  methods  which  could  but  injure  other  patriotic 
work.  Because  of  the  tremendous  and  spontaneous  response 
of  the  people  to  the  first  calls  of  the  Red  Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
and  other  great  organizations,  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
war,  apparently  the  saying  that  this  nation's  resources  were 
inexhaustible  was  literally  believed.  The  situation  would 
have  been  serious  enough  if  the  Government's  financing  could 
have  been  carried  on  without  appeal  to  the  public,  but  with 
the  necessity  of  selling  billions  of  dollars  in  Liberty  Bonds 
with  the  accompanying  necessity  of  educating  millions  of 
people  to  become  investors,  an  endless  succession  of  appeals 
for  donations  for  war  work  of  a  minor  importance  threatened 
to  prove  a  serious  obstacle  to  the  carrying  out  of  the  Govern- 
ment's financing. 

Second  only  to  the  Government's  own  requirements  was 
the  need  of  the  Eed  Cross.  The  financial  assistance  rendered 
the  families  of  the  soldiers  and  sailors  by  the  Red  Cross  Home 
Service  Section  aggregated  an  amount  of  which  the  average 
citizen  has  not  yet  the  slightest  conception-  The  large  amount 
of  money  needed  for  relief  work  to  the  civilian  population 
in  France,  Belgium  and  other  stricken  countries  is,  of  course, 
more  widely  known. 

Early  in  the  fall  of  1918  came  the  announcement  of  the 
combined  appeal  for  funds  by  seven  organizations  doing  sol- 
diers' welfare  work  under  the  auspices  of  the  Army  and  Navy 


[23] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities,  and  this  added  one 
more  reason  for  the  strict  control  of  the  subject. 

Although  various  organizations  from  time  to  time  made 
strenuous  objections  to  certain  features  of  the  State  Council 
policy,  particularly  to  the  rule  which  limited  a  campaign  to 
the  amount  originally  fixed  as  the  state  and  county  quotas, 
the  public  generally  appreciated  the  importance  of  some  one 
central  body  supervising  and  controlling  the  collection  of 
money  for  war  work.  Some  doubt  was  expressed  in  the  begin- 
ning as  to  the  ability  of  a  body  acting  without  legal  powers 
to  enforce  its  regulations.  It  was  found  that  the  mere  with- 
holding of  approval  to  a  campaign  was  sufficient  to  induce 
the  applicants  to  abandon  their  plan.  In  a  very  few  instances 
persons  who  were  not  informed  as  to  the  necessity  for  secur- 
ing such  approval  began  the  active  solicitation  for  contribu- 
tions, but  found  it  impossible  to  proceed  after  the  State  or 
County  Council  issued  a  simple  statement  to  the  effect  that 
the  campaign  had  not  been  approved. 

The  activities  of  the  Red  Cross  were  expressly  excepted 
from  the  authority  given  the  State  Councils  by  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  both  as  to  the  general  co-ordination  of 
patriotic  work  and  to  the  solicitation  of  funds  from  the  public, 
and  hence  no  attempt  was  made  to  limit  the  collection  of 
money  by  the  Red  Cross  to  the  amount  originally  fixed  as  its 
quota  in  the  state  or  in  the  respective  counties.  At  the  express 
request  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and  because  of  the 
strong  showing  made  by  the  state  committee  in  charge  of  the 
United  War  Work  campaign  in  November,  1918,  the 
State  Council  of  Defense  finally  yielded  and  waived  its  pro- 
hibition of  oversubscriptions  so  far  as  that  campaign  was 
concerned,  but  this  waiver  was  not  given  because  of  any 
change  of  the  members'  belief  in  the  soundness  of  the  policy. 
Owing  to  the  prevalence  of  ** Spanish  influenza"  and  the  prob- 
ability that  an  armistice  would  be  signed  during  the  week  set 
for  this  campaign,  there  was  strong  reason  to  believe  it  would 
be  impossible  to  collect  even  the  quota  fixed,  unless  the  rule 
against  oversubscriptions  was  waived. 


[24] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Although  there  is  much  of  sentiment  involved  in  the  whole 
subject  of  contributions  for  war  work  and  war  relief,  the 
State  Council  has  felt  that  in  the  final  analysis  the  subject 
should  be  treated  on  business-like  principles  and  pursuant  to 
a  policy  comprehensive  enough  to  enable  every  patriotic  citi- 
zen to  estimate  closely  the  total  amount  which  he  could  afford 
to  give  outright  and  feel  that  it  was  being  allotted  to  the 
various  movements  in  the  proper  proportion. 

Approved  Solicitations. 

After  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  authorized  to 
approve  or  disapprove  the  collections  of  funds  for  war  work, 
the  following  organizations  applied  for  and  received  the 
Council's  approval  to  campaigns  for  funds: 

Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Armenian-Syrian  Relief 

Eiiights  of  Columbus 

Commission  on  Training-camp  Activities. 

Jewish  Welfare  Board 

Western  Washington  W.  C.  T.  U. 

State  Board  of  Health 

Salvation  Army 

Aid,  Civil  and  Military,  France  and  Belgium 

Commission  for  Belgian  Relief 

American  Bible  Society 

United  War  Work 

Y.  W.  C.  A. 

Following  the  adoption  of  its  definite  policy  on  collections 
of  war-funds,  as  each  campaign  was  approved  the  State  Coun- 
cil prepared  and  sent  to  the  County  Councils  a  formal  notice 
of  the  approval  and  a  list  of  the  county-quotas  (in  dollars  and 
in  percentages).  Although  the  County  Councils  were  asked  to 
assume  the  responsibility  for  the  detailed  work  of  the  cam- 
paign in  only  a  very  few  instances,  the  defense  machinery 
was  at  all  times  ready  to  assist  the  various  organizations  in 
raising  their  funds.  In  many  instances  the  County  Councils 
of  Defense  voluntarily  conducted  the  campaign  and  remitted 
their  full  quota  through  the  State  Council  without  awaiting 
a  request  for  assistance  by  the  organization  concerned.     This 

[25] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

was  especially  true  with  reference  to  the  Salvation  Army 
campaign  for  the  year  ending  October  31st,  1918,  and  the 
campaigns  of  the  American  Bible  Society  and  Armenian- 
Syrian  Relief  Committee. 

Fund  for  Combating  Contagious  Diseases. 

Early  in  the  fall  of  1918  the  State  Council  requested  the 
County  Councils  to  raise  a  fund  of  $12,000  to  be  expended 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  T.  D.  Tuttle,  State  Commissioner 
of  Health,  in  combating  contagious  diseases,  $2,000  of  the 
amount  to  be  used  in  educational  work  on  the  subject  of 
venereal  diseases.  The  numerous  campaigns  for  funds  and 
the  signing  of  the  armistice  resulted  in  this  campaign  being 
omitted  in  several  counties  and  a  total  of  approximately 
$3,200  was  paid  or  pledged. 

Combined  Patriotic  Fund   ("War  Chest"). 

On  November  21st,  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
appointed  a  committee  consisting  of  Governor  Lister,  Chair- 
man Suzzallo  and  Secretary  Goodner  to  plan  and  put  into 
effect  a  Combined  Patriotic  Fund,  to  be  followed  throughout 
the  state,  if  found  practicable  after  full  consideration.  This 
committee  had  already  made  an  extensive  study  of  the  sug- 
gested plan  and  was  working  it  into  shape  for  submission  to 
the  County  Councils  of  Defense  when  it  developed  that  several 
communities  in  the  state  had  voluntarily  concluded  to  adopt 
the  *'War  Chest"  Bs  the  most  efficient  method  for  raising 
funds  for  soldiers'  welfare  and  war-relief  work  in  general. 
Considerable  opposition  to  the  plan  arose  in  various  sections 
of  the  state.  The  majority  of  those  objecting  to  the  plan 
were  representatives  of  organizations  who  were  planning  to 
conduct  extensive  campaigns  for  funds  and  who  were  of  the 
opinion  that  with  their  own  organizations  they  could  obtain 
larger  amounts  than  might  be  allowed  them  under  the  Com- 
bined Patriotic  Fund  scheme,  though  the  announcement  by 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  shortly  afterwards  that  all 
solicitations  would  be  limited  to  the  quota  allowed  by  the 
Council  would  have  eliminated  the  objection. 

[26] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

It  was  the  intention  of  the  State  Council  to  encourage 
the  adoption  of  the  Combined  Patriotic  Fund  plan  in  every 
part  of  the  state,  using  either  the  county  or  the  city  as  the 
unit,  depending  upon  local  conditions.  Much  delay  was  occa- 
sioned by  the  frequent  campaigns  during  1918  for  Liberty 
Loans,  War  Savings  and  various  organizations  doing  patri- 
otic work  here  and  abroad.  With  each  successive  campaign 
the  State  Council  was  urged  to  postpone  the  adoption  of  the 
new  plan  and  rather  than  to  risk  injuring  any  of  the  drives 
the  County  Councils  of  Defense  in  most  instances  had,  up  to 
the  time  of  the  armistice,  simply  postponed  the  actual  launch- 
ing of  the  new  method.  Many  of  the  County  Councils  had, 
however,  practically  concluded  to  proceed  with  the  plan  dur- 
ing the  first  'Uull"  and  the  early  months  of  1919  would  in  all 
probability  have  brought  a  majority  of  the  counties  under  the 
Combined  Patriotic  Fund. 

The  Cowlitz  County  Council  put  the  plan  into  effect,  using 
the  county  as  the  unit.  The  method  suggested  by  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  was  closely  followed.  This  involved  the 
securing  of  subscriptions  to  a  joint  fund,  payable  in  monthly 
installments.  While  $1.00  a  month  was  recommended  by  the 
State  Council  as  the  minimum,  the  Cowlitz  County  plan 
brought  in  subscriptions  ranging  from  25  cents  to  $25  per 
month.  This  fund  was  held  in  trust  and  paid  out  to  such  or- 
ganizations, in  such  amounts  and  at  such  times  as  were  in 
accordance  with  the  approval  of  the  State  Council  and  the 
Cowlitz  County  Council  of  Defense.  Within  thirty  days  after 
the  actual  solicitation  was  begun,  enough  subscriptions  had 
been  obtained  to  insure  the  success  of  the  movement;  three 
volunteer  solicitors  for  each  school  district  and  five  in  each 
town  were  found  sufficient  to  complete  the  canvass.  During 
the  intensive  period  of  the  work  about  2700  individual  sub- 
scriptions were  procured  and  approximately  300  were  obtained 
shortly  afterwards.  The  total  subscriptions  would  have  yield- 
ed $50,000  per  year,  which  was  approximately  twice  the 
amount  which  the  county  had  contributed  to  war-funds  under 
the  former  method. 


[27] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Although  subscribers  were  allowed  to  designate  certain 
purposes  to  which  their  money  should,  or  should  not,  be 
given,  it  was  found  that  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  contrib- 
utors were  unwilling  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  State  and 
County  Councils  of  Defense  and  permit  their  money  to  be  paid 
out  in  such  proportions  as  those  bodies  deemed  best.  So  far 
from  the  plan  proving  too  cold-blooded  and  mathematical,  as 
many  of  its  opponents  believed  would  be  true,  exactly  the 
opposite  effect  was  felt — the  knowledge  that  the  burden  was 
equitably  distributed,  carefully  prepared  for  and  justly  ex- 
pended, and  that  time  and  money  were  not  being  wasted  in  a 
multiplicity  of  campaigns,  and  the  monthly  setting  aside  of 
the  agreed  amount  by  each  subscriber  all  proved  a  most  effec- 
tive stimulus  to  all  other  forms  of  patriotic  work. 

Thurston  County  adopted  a  similar  but  partial  plan. 
Much  smaller  monthly  subscriptions  were  solicited  under  a 
plan  which  contemplated  caring  for  only  the  **  minor  war  re- 
lief movements."  This  was  not  intended  to  include  the  Red 
Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A,  and  other  larger  organizations  requiring 
very  considerable  sums  of  money.  Fairly  uniform  subscrip- 
tions of  ten  cents  a  month  were  obtained — an  amount  so  small 
as  to  seem  absolutely  inadequate  for  any  real  financial  call. 
But  even  on  so  modest  a  scale  did  the  combined  patriotic  fund 
idea  prove  its  worth.  Hundreds  of  subscribers  paid  a  year's 
subscription  with  their  first  installment,  thereby  reducing  the 
labor  involved  in  making  collections.  And  this  plan  enabled 
the  Thurston  County  Council  of  Defense  to  meet  each  of  the 
following  calls  for  funds,  without  conducting  a  special  cam- 
paign :  Y-  W.  C.  A. ;  Salvation  Army ;  American  Bible  Society ; 
Armenian-Syrian  Relief. 

No  doubt  Thurston  County  would  have  taken  the  logical 
step  and  enlarged  the  plan  to  cover  all  calls  for  war  funds, 
as  in  Cowlitz  County,  had  the  plan  continued. 

Several  cities  in  the  state  were  operating  very  success- 
fully under  a  similar  method.  Aberdeen  and  Anacortes  par- 
ticularly found  it  possible  to  raise  amounts  far  in  excess  of 
original  estimates  and  several  times  the  totals  donated  during 
the  twelve  months  preceding  the  adoption  of  the  plan.     The 

[28] 


P      Report  of  Washmgton  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

methods  used  and  results  obtained  in  Aberdeen  were  intensely 
interesting  and  instructive.  In  that  city,  two  separate  funds, 
with  installment-subscribers  to  each,  were  maintained.  The 
original  fund  was  devised  to  sustain  the  local  Red  Cross  chap- 
ter and  was  supported  very  largely  by  working  men  and 
women  who  paid  25c  each  week.  Subsequently  a  second  fund 
was  launched,  supported  by  the  merchants,  professional  men 
and  owners  of  the  large  industrial  plants,  to  care  for  the  city's 
quota  on  the  various  state  and  national  campaigns. 

After  studying  the  ''War  Chest"  idea  as  illustrated  in 
this  state  during  the  past  few  months,  it  is  difficult  to  escape 
the  conclusion  that  it  should  be  adopted  for  the  maintenance 
of  many  or  all  of  the  ordinary  charities  which  constitute  so 
serious  a  problem  in  the  average  American  city.  Nor  can  this 
belief  be  dispelled  by  the  bald  statement  that  such  a  plan 
would  render  the  giving  of  charity  a  mere  perfunctory  tax- 
payment  devoid  of  the  sentiment  and  lasting  interest  which 
surround  the  relief  of  the  suffering. 

Formal  Reports  on  Collections. 

Partial  reports  of  funds  collected  by  the  various  organi- 
zations were  obtained  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense  from 
time  to  time.  In  October,  1918,  at  the  request  of  Governor 
Lister,  State  Bank  Examiner  Lewis  H.  Moore,  acting  as  Audit 
Committee  for  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  communicated 
with  all  organizations  known  to  have  solicited  funds  for  war 
work  and  requested  a  full  and  detailed  formal  report.  This 
plan  was  to  have  been  followed  during  the  continuance  of  the 
war,  accompanied  by  publicity  to  encourage  the  careful  ac- 
counting of  funds  collected  and  the  reduction  to  a  minimum 
of  incidental  expenses  connected  therewith. 

Red  Cross  Co-operation. 

From  the  first  the  State  Council  strongly  favored  the 
widest  possible  use  of  the  Red  Cross  as  the  chief  agency  for 
war  relief  at  home  and  abroad.  It  was  the  Council's  constant 
effort  to  discourage  every  attempt  on  the  part  of  other  organ- 

[29] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

izations  to  carry  on  work  which  the  Red  Cross  was  willing  to 
assume- 

Realizing  that  many  phases  of  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross 
were  new  and  that  the  public  generally  had  only  the  vaguest 
idea  of  the  relation  of  this  work  to  the  morale  of  the  soldiers 
and  sailors,  the  State  Council  used  every  means  possible  to 
bring  about  a  wider  understanding  of  the  work.  The  County 
Councils  of  Defense  were  repeatedly  urged  to  see  that  the 
Home  Service  Section  received  all  needed  assistance  and  that 
the  families  of  the  men  in  service  were  made  to  realize  that 
the  function  of  this  Section  was  of  far  greater  importance 
than  the  mere  rendering  of  financial  assistance.  The  County 
Councils  were  asked  to  appoint  special  committees  to  study 
this  question  locally. 

In  December,  1917,  the  machinery  of  the  State,  County 
and  Community  Councils  of  Defense  was  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association  in  the  sale  of  Red 
Cross  Christmas  seals.  The  Minute  Women  rendered  especi- 
ally fine  service  in  this  campaign. 

From  time  to  time  reports  received  indicated  that  a  great 
deal  of  work  was  being  done  by  volunteers  in  producing 
articles  for  soldiers  and  sailors  which  did  not  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  the  War  and  Navy  Departments.  Many  of  these 
reports  came  at  times  and  from  places  where  the  Red  Cross 
was  having  difficulty  in  securing  a  sufficient  number  of 
women  workers  to  supply  its  needs  and  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  called  on  the  County  Councils  and  a  large  number  of 
women's  organizations  throughout  the  state  to  render  the  Red 
Cross  all  needed  assistance  and  to  discourage  women  from 
carrying  on  similar  but  independent  work,  so  long  as  the  Red 
Cross  needs  were  not  fully  met. 

In  spite  of  continuous  effort  of  the  Red  Cross  itself,  and 
the  State  and  County  Councils  to  bring  before  the  public  a 
clearer  understanding  of  the  function  of  the  Home  Service 
Section,  there  is  still  an  almost  universal  lack  of  knowledge 
on  this  subject.  This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  by-products 
of  the  tendency  to  encourage  the  organization  of  new  ma- 
chinery for  each  new  task,  followed  by  an  appeal  to  the  pub- 

[3t)] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

lie  for  funds  with  which  to  carry  on  the  work.  Had  the  dan- 
ger of  this  multiplicity  of  organizations  been  promptly  recog- 
nized and  squarely  met  by  the  national  authorities — as  seemed 
to  have  been  one  of  the  aims  in  forming  the  defense  machin- 
ery— the  wide  scope  of  the  Red  Cross  work  would  have  been 
brought  before  the  public  and  rendered  many  times  more 
effective.  If  the  universal  co-operation  of  patriotic  civilians 
was  essential  to  the  winning  of  the  war  in  the  shortest  possible 
time,  the  underlying  principle  upon  which  all  of  our  efforts 
were  based,  it  does  not  seem  unreasonable  to  believe  that  the 
war  might  possibly  have  been  terminated  even  earlier  had  the 
necessity  for  actual  co-ordination  and  concentration  of  effort 
been  more  widely  recognized. 

Early  in  1918,  at  the  request  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  undertook  to  procure 
loyalty  reports  on  persons  desiring  to  go  abroad  as  represen- 
tatives of  the  American  Red  Cross.  The  securing  of  these  re- 
ports in  several  counties  required  so  large  an  amount  of  time 
that  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  formed  special  commit- 
tees for  the  work. 

To  supplement  similar  service  by  the  Home  Service  Sec- 
tion of  the  Red  Cross,  the  State  Council  asked  the  County 
Councils  to  form  local  committees  of  lawyers  to  donate  a  por- 
tion of  their  time  to  assisting  drafted  men,  enlisted  soldiers 
and  sailors,  in  closing  up  their  business  affairs,  making  their 
wills,  etc.  The  work  of  these  local  committees  was  carefully 
planned  so  as  to  avoid  duplicating  that  of  the  legal  members 
of  the  Red  Cross  Home  Service  Section,  which  was  at  all  times 
recognized  as  the  agency  having  primary  responsibility^. 

League  to  Enforce  Peace. 

In  September,  1918,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  endorsed 
the  aims  and  plans  of  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace  and  au- 
thorized the  County  Council  of  Defense  to  assist  the  League 
in  carrying  on  its  work  in  this  state,  thereby  avoiding  the 
necessity  of  forming  a  complete,  new  organization.  No  re- 
quest for  specific  assistance  had  been  received  up  to  the  time 
of  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  however- 

[31] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


CO-OPERATION    IN    DIRECT    GOVERNMENTAL 
ACTIVITIES. 

In  general,  each  of  the  subjects  included  under  this 
classification  was  in  the  direct  control  of  a  well-organized 
and  official  federal  agency  with  its  own  representatives  placed 
wherever  needed  for  local  work  and  the  efforts  of  the  State 
and  County  Councils  of  Defense  were  therefore  supplemental 
only.  The  conservation  of  food,  fuel  and  resources  generally 
logically  fall  under  this  classification,  but  are  described  under 
the  heading  of  "Conservation  of  Resources'*  in  view  of  the 
more  detailed  supervision  by  the  councils  of  defense. 

Liberty  Loan. 

During  the  second,  third  and  fourth  Liberty  Loan  cam- 
paigns the  State  Council  of  Defense  consistently  urged  the  use 
of  the  county  and  local  Councils  of  Defense  as  the  logical 
vehicle  for  the  conduct  of  the  routine  work,  under  the  imme- 
diate direction  of  the  state  and  county  liberty  loan  commit- 
tees. In  each  successive  campaign  the  defense  machinery  was 
used  to  a  greater  extent.  In  several  counties  the  liberty  loan 
committees  used  the  Councils  of  Defense  exclusively  in  this 
work,  merely  issuing  statements  of  quotas  to  the  chairman  of 
the  County  or  Local  Councils  of  Defense. 

Ddscouraging  Exchange  and  Re-sale  of  Liberty  Bonds. 

At  the  request  of  the  National  Council,  the  County  Coun- 
cils were  requested  to  locate  and  follow  up  all  specific  in- 
stances where  persons  or  firms  advertised  to  accept  Liberty 
Bonds  in  payment  for  merchandise  or  encouraged  purchasers 
of  Liberty  Bonds  to  dispose  of  them.  Warnings  were  issued 
against  exchanging  Liberty  Bonds  for  other  securities  and 
publicity  given  to  the  Government's  desire  that  the  bonds  be 
retained  by  the  original  purchasers  except  where  sale  was  re 
quired  by  real  necessity  or  misfortune. 

[32] 


I 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

War  Savings. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  has  kept  in  close  touch  with 
the  State  Director  of  War  Savings  and  from  time  to  time  has 
called  on  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  to  assist  in  building 
up  the  sales  of  thrift  and  war  savings  stamps.  In  several  coun- 
ties the  chairman  of  the  Council  of  Defense  was  also  County 
Director  of  the  War  Savings.  At  the  time  the  armistice  was 
signed  the  State  Council  was  planning  a  series  of  meetings  of 
the  Community  Councils  of  Defense  to  be  held  in  every  part  of 
the  state  for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  interest  in  various 
important  activities,  chiefly  along  the  line  of  economy.  Very 
particular  stress  was  to  be  laid  upon  the  work  of  the  War 
Savings  Committee  and  a  number  of  detailed  plans  and 
methods  for  encouraging  the  purchase  of  savings  stamps  were 
to  be  issued.  The  State  Council  of  Defense  throughout  all  its 
work  felt  that  the  purchase  of  war  savings  stamps  offered 
the  logical  way  of  demonstrating  the  practical  results  of  the 
several  economy  programs  initiated  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment. 

Farm  Survey. 

In  February,  1918,  at  the  request  of  J.  C.  Scott,  Farm 
Help  Specialist  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  asked  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  to 
take  charge  of  the  farm  survey  under  the  direction  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  those  counties  in  which  there 
were  no  agricultural  agents.  The  State  Council  also  secured 
the  consent  of  Mrs.  Preston,  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  to  call  on  the  school  authorities  for  assistance  in 
the  work  and  in  many  districts  the  school  children  were  of 
great  assistance  in  securing  the  necessary  information  from 
their  parents  and  neighbors.  The  survey  resulted  in  obtain- 
ing a  large  mass  of  very  important  information  regarding 
comparative  areas  under  cultivation  during  1917  and  1918, 
increase  or  decrease  in  live  stock  and  statistics  as  to  seed  re- 
quired. 

In  those  counties  where  there  were  Agricultural  Agents 
the   County   Councils   of  Defense   were   asked   to    appoint   a 
special  committee  to  assist  the  County  Agent. 
—3  [  33  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Selective  Service. 

On  various  occasions  the  County  Councils  of  Defense 
have  been  asked  to  furnish  volunteers  to  assist  the  local  draft 
boards  and  so  far  as  known  this  service  was  rendered  where- 
ever  needed.  On  June  19th,  the  State  Council  of  Defense, 
with  the  assistance  of  Capt.  Irving  W.  Ziegaus,  State  Draft 
Officer,  issued  to  the  County  Councils  of  Defense,  a  detailed  ex- 
planation of  Maj.-Gen.  Crowder's  Work  or  Fight  order,  effec- 
tive July  1st,  1918.  The  exact  intent  of  the  order  and  its 
application  to  a  large  number  of  specific  occupations  or  em- 
ployments classed  as  non-productive  were  set  forth  and  the 
importance  of  using  the  order  to  assist  in  meeting  the  farm 
labor  problem  was  emphasized. 

Instructions  to  Drafted  Men. 

At  the  request  of  the  War  Department,  transmitted 
through  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  and  in  close  co- 
operation with  T.  D.  Tuttle,  State  Commissioner  of  Health, 
and  F.  P.  Foisie,  the  Division  Director  of  Civilian  Belief  for 
the  Red  Cross,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  prepared  a  detail- 
ed series  of  suggestions  for  the  guidance  of  the  County  Coun- 
cils of  Defense  in  holding  meetings  of  drafted  men  at  which 
trained  speakers  were  to  present  the  following  subjects  to  the 
drafted  men,  prior  to  their  leaving  for  the  training  camps : 

Dangers  of  venereal  disease ; 

Functions  of  the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activi- 
ties ; 

Provisions  of  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Civil  Relief  Act 
and  the  compensation  and  insurance  law; 

Information  service,  legal,  financial  and  medical  assis- 
tance to  families  by  the  Red  Cross. 

Special  attention  was  given  to  the  unscrupulous  methods 
of  certain  claim  agents  and  attorneys  who  were  charging 
compensation  for  services  rendered  beneficiaries  under  the 
war  risk  insurance  law. 

In  August,  1918,  the  State  Council,  at  the  request  of  the 
War  Department,  transmitted  through  the  Council  of  National 

[34] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Cotmcil  of  Defense 

Defense,  and  in  co-operation  with  the  Division  of  Civilian 
Relief  of  the  Red  Cross,  issued  a  call  to  the  County  Councils 
to  join  the  Local  Draft  Boards  in  organizing  Boards  of  In- 
struction, to  give  drafted  men  information  as  to  health,  legal 
rights,  Red  Cross  functions,  etc.  Had  the  war  continued, 
these  Local  Boards  would  have  become- of  very  great  value, 
particularly  to  the  men  drawn  into  the  army  pursuant  to  the 
registration  of  September  12th,  1918,  including  men  under  21, 
with  greater  need  of  instruction  as  to  health,  and  men  over 
31,  whose  business  affairs  would  naturally  require  greater 
attention  to  prevent  losses. 

As  the  importance  of  these  instructions  became  more  evi- 
dent, the  State  Council  of  Defense  in  September  arranged  to 
co-operate  with  the  State  Commissioner  of  Health  and  the  Red 
Cross  in  sending  speakers  over  the  state  who  would  meet 
large  groups  of  drafted  men  at  a  large  number  of  central 
points  and  furnish  them  with  specific  information  on  the 
various  subjects  regarded  as  most  important  by  the  War  De- 
partment. These  special  meetings  were  also  to  serve  as  in- 
structions to  the  members  of  the  local  boards  of  instruction 
who  were  expected  to  continue  the  work  thereafter.  These 
special  meetings  were  not  held,  owing  to  the  influenza  epi- 
demic and  the  signing  of  the  armistice  on  November  11th. 

Recruiting. 

On  May  17,  1918,  Dr.  Suzzallo,  Chairman  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense,  communicated  with  the  principals  of  all 
high  schools  in  the  state  urging  them  to  do  everything  in  their 
power  to  fulfill  the  wishes  of  the  Secretary  of  War  as  ex- 
pressed in  his  letter  of  May  8th,  addressed  to  the  Presidents 
of  all  institutions  of  collegiate  grade.  This  letter  explained 
in  detail  the  new  plan  for  the  enlistment  of  students  over  the 
age  of  18  who  would  not  be  called  to  active  duty  until  they 
had  reached  the  age  of  21,  unless  urgent  military  necessity 
compelled  an  earlier  call.  These  plans  aimed,  first,  to  de- 
velop a  large  body  of  young  men  in  the  colleges  into  a  military 
asset,  and,  second,  to  prevent  wasteful  depletion  of  the  col- 

[35] 


Report  of  Washdngton  State  Council  of  Defense 

leges  through  indiscriminate  volunteering  by  offering  to  the 
students  a  definite  and  immediate  military  status. 

Aviation. 

In  the  midst  of  an  almost  complete  tie-up  of  the  lumber 
camps,  the  State  Council  secured  from  the  lumber  operators 
their  agreement  to  pool  their  labor  and  camps  and  center  their 
work  entirely  upon  securing  spruce  logs.  This  did  not  be- 
come necessary,  however,  through  the  partial  failure  of  the 
strike.  The  agreement  of  the  operators  extended  to  the  opera- 
tion of  their  mills  in  producing  the  necessary  spruce.  During 
the  early  days  of  the  aviation  program,  when  the  shortage  of 
spruce  was  most  acute,  W.  E.  Boeing,  member  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense,  and  owner  of  the  only  aviation  plant 
in  the  northwest,  worked  out  specifications  for  aviation  spruce, 
which,  if  adopted,  would  have  resulted  in  a  very  material 
economy  in  supply. 

Camouflage  Division. 

The  Whatcom  County  Council  of  Defense  suggested  to 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  the  possibility  of  using  discarded 
purse  seine  netting  for  camouflage  work;  the  State  Council 
passed  the  suggestion  on  to  the  National  Council,  which  in 
turn  took  it  up  with  the  Camouflage  Section  of  the  War  De- 
partment- After  considerable  correspondence  and  experimen- 
tal work  with  samples  furnished  by  the  Washington  Fisheries 
Association,  the  officers  in  charge  requested  that  all  available 
supply  of  the  netting  be  gathered  together,  and  at  the  request 
of  Mr.  W.  A.  Lowman,  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  the 
Washington  Fisheries  Association  undertook  the  task.  Several 
tons  of  the  netting  were  collected  and  at  the  time  the  armis- 
tice was  signed  the  material  was  ready  for  shipment  to  the 
War  Department.  Had  the  war  continued  this  would  likely 
have  proved  of  great  value  to  the  Government. 

Public  Health. 

In  March,  1918,  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the   State   Commissioner  of  Health,    T.    D.   Tuttle, 

[36] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

mailed  to  the  County  Councils  copies  of  a  letter  from  Col. 
Field,  Health  Officer  at  Camp  Lewis,  appealing  to  all  local 
authorities,  and  particularly  to  physicians  and  health  officers, 
to  exercise  the  most  scrupulous  care  in  protecting  the  soldiers 
from  contagious  diseases.  The  County  Councils  were  asked 
to  get  into  immediate  touch  with  the  County  Commissioners 
and  Mayors  of  cities  in  order  that  active  health  officers  might 
be  provided  in  every  part  of  the  state. 

In  June,  1918,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  asked  by 
the  State  Commissioner  of  Health  to  co-operate  in  carrying 
out  a  new  plan  of  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service  for 
the  protection  of  the  military  camps  and  posts.  The  health 
officers  of  the  army  camps  were  experiencing  great  difficulty 
in  controlling  contagious  diseases  because  of  carelessness  on 
the  part  of  the  health  authorities  in  the  various  communities 
of  the  state  in  allowing  soldiers  and  sailors  on  parole  to  visit 
homes  where  there  were  contagious  diseases  and  return  to 
camp  without  notice  to  the  army  health  officers.  Under  the 
new  plan  the  local  health  officers  were  required  to  notify  the 
senior  medical  officer  of  the  camp  or  post  concerned  whenever 
a  man  was  about  to  go  to  camp  or  post  from  a  home  or  com- 
munity in  which  he  had  been  exposed  to  a  communicable 
disease.  Physicians  generally  were  required  to  exercise 
greater  care  in  reporting  cases  of  communicable  diseases,  par- 
ticularly where  a  man  about  to  go  or  return  to  camp  had  pos- 
sibly been  exposed- 

The  County  Councils  of  Defense  were  asked  to  get  in 
touch  with  county  health  officers  and  emphasize  the  great 
importance  of  rigidly  enforcing  the  laws  and  regulations  as 
to  reports  on  contagious  diseases  and  the  details  of  the  new 
plan  of  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 

Ship  Building. 

At  the  time  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  organized, 
C.  J.  Lord,  of  Olympia,  was  named  as  chairman  of  the  depart- 
ment or  committee  on  ship  building  and  he  had  made  full 
preparations  to  keep  the  State  Council  in  the  closest  touch 
with  the  various  ship  building  plants  of  the  northwest.  Almost 

[37] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

immediately  afterwards  the  Federal  Government  sent  its  rep- 
resentatives to  the  state  and  from  that  time  on  the  whole  sub- 
ject was  directly  in  the  government's  hands,  both  as  to  steel 
and  wooden  ships.  Mr.  Lord's  committee  therefore  confined 
its  efforts  entirely  to  assisting  in  an  auxiliary  capacity  in  the 
ship  building  program. 

Housing. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  took  no  direct  part  in  the 
efforts  made  to  improve  the  housing  conditions  in  those  cities 
in  the  state  where  industries  had  brought  a  large  influx  of  pop- 
ulation, because  it  was  found  that  where  the  situation  was 
acute,  local  agencies  were  best  equipped  to  solve  the  problem. 
The  County  Councils  in  those  parts  of  the  state  were  asked 
to  keep  in  close  touch  with  the  situation  and  report  in  case 
the  local  authorities  were  not  meeting  the  shortage  as  efficient- 
ly as  seemed  possible.  Wherever  war  industries  had  led  to  the 
rapid  growth  of  population  the  system  of  transporting  war- 
workers  broke  down.  This  was  particularly  true  in  Seattle 
and  to  a  considerable  degree  in  Tacoma.  Federal  authorities 
communicated  to  the  Chairman  of  the  State  Council  of  De- 
fense to  the  effect  that  further  contracts  would  not  be  given 
to  those  communities  unless  the  transportation  problem  was 
dealt  with.  Acting  with  the  County  Council  of  Defense  for 
King  County  several  conferences  were  held  with  representa- 
tives of  the  municipalities,  traction  company,  industry,  labor, 
etc.,  which  finally  led  to  the  adoption  of  a  plan  by  which 
many  expedients  were  worked  out  for  handling  the  traffic. 
The  local  committee  for  Pierce  County  achieved  an  equally 
significant  and  valuable  result  for  Tacoma. 

Miscellaneous. 

At  the  request  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  the 
State  Council  transmitted  to  small  County  Councils  a  request 
that  certain  photographs,  drawings  and  descriptions  be  sent 
to  the  War  Department  at  Washington,  D.  C-  All  material 
giving  information  of  a  military  nature  concerning  the  por- 
tions of  France,  Belgium  and  Luxembourg  occupied  by  the 

[38] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

German  forces  and  all  that  part  of  Germany  lying  west  of  the 
line  running  north  and  south  through  Hamburg  was  requested. 
The  County  Councils  of  Defense  were  called  on  to  form 
local  committees  of  lawyers,  bankers,  abstractors,  mortgage 
and  real  estate  brokers  to  maintain  constant  vigilance  in  dis- 
covering enemy-owned  property,  whether  money,  chattels,  se- 
curities, lands  or  otherwise. 


CONSERVATION  OF  RESOURCES. 


Increased  Production  of  Food. 

From  the  first,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  adopted  the 
policy  of  relying  on  the  food  administration  and  the  official 
agencies  of  the  state  and  federal  governments  to  adopt  and 
carry  out  programs  to  increase  food  production.  It  is  believed 
that  this  plan  was  the  only  proper  one  in  a  state  having  the 
diversified  agricultural  and  horticultural  interests  found  in 
Washington.  In  furtherance  of  this  policy,  the  State  Council 
of  Defense  urged  the  County  and  Community  Councils  to 
render  every  possible  local  assistance  to  representatives  of  the 
Washington  State  College  and  the  state  and  federal  Depart- 
ments of  Agriculture,  and  undoubtedly  this  policy  produced 
greater  practical  results  than  would  have  been  possible  had 
the  State  Council  attempted  to  carry  out  programs  of  its  own. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  in  July,  1917,  requested  the 
assistance  of  the  Governor  in  securing  the  appointment  of 
County  Agriculturists  in  all  the  counties  of  the  state  where 
such  appointments  had  not  already  been  made. 

The  Council  urged  all  school  authorities  to  permit  and 
direct  teachers  of  domestic  science  to  alter  their  courses  of 
study  so  as  to  emphasize  strongly  the  teaching  of  canning 
and  drying  and  general  conservation  of  food;  the  County 
Councils  of  Defense  were  requested  to  organize  '*  Hoover  Can- 
ning Clubs"  for  preserving  and  drying  fruits  and  vegetables 
and  the  Washington  State  College  was  requested  to  place  its 

[39] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

specialists  and  the  County  Agriculturists  at  the  disposal  of 
these  clubs.  Later,  when  the  Agricultural  College  sent  its 
demonstrator  over  the  state  in  the  interests  of  canning  and 
preserving,  the  County  Councils  were  of  considerable  assist- 
ance in  securing  the  attendance  of  women  upon  these  demon- 
strations. 

On  many  occasions  the  State  Council  made  special  efforts 
to  secure  Congressional  action  to  hasten  the  completion  of 
irrigation  projects  in  the  State,  particularly  the  extension  of 
the  Sunnyside  Canal. 

Mr.  George  Donald,  member  of  the  State  Council,  particu 
larly  interested  in  transportation,  used  every  possible  means 
to  encourage  the  construction  of  additional  storage  facilities 
throughout  the  grain  belt  of  the  state,  to  assist  in  preventing 
the  shortage  in  crops.  Hundreds  of  new  elevators  and  grain 
houses  were  constructed  during  1917  and  1918. 

Conservation  of  Food 

Prior  to  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Hebberd  as  Food  Admin- 
istrator, Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee,  in  charge  of  Woman's  Work,  had 
issued  suggestions  for  the  saving  of  wheat,  meat,  fats  and 
sugar.  The  State  Division  of  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  to  which  the  first  ''Food  Pledge 
Campaign"  had  been  assigned,  had  turned  the  task  over  to 
the  National  League  for  Woman's  Service  and  Mrs.  McKee 
called  on  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  to  assist  in  the  work 
of  securing  signatures  to  the  pledge  cards.  The  State  Council 
of  Defense  printed  and  distributed  thousands  of  these  cards 
through  the  County  Councils. 

In  August,  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  communi 
cated  with  the  bakers  of  the  state  to  further  the  movement 
already  begun  to  discontinue  the  practice  of  returning  unsold 
bread.  It  was  found  that  the  bakers  were  glad  to  accede  to 
this  request  when  its  importance  was  explained. 

Early  in  the  fall  of  1917  it  came  to  the  notice  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  that  there  was  threatened  a  serious  short- 
age in  the  supply  of  apple  boxes.  Immediate  inquiry  was  di- 
rected to  the  box  factories  and  the  principal  fruit  growers' 

[40] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

associations  in  the  state  as  to  how  it  would  be  possible  to 
remedy  this  situation.  A  large  number  of  suggestions  were 
promptly  received.  These  were  carefully  considered  by  prac- 
tical mill  men  and  fruit  growers  and  shortly  afterwards  a 
conference  was  held  in  Spokane.  During  an  all-day  session, 
a  series  of  variations  from  the  standard  specifications  for 
apple  boxes  were  adopted.  These  were  immediately  sent  to 
all  box  factories  in  Washington,  Oregon  and  Idaho,  and  all  fac- 
tories were  urged  to  exercise  their  ingenuity  to  the  utmost 
to  meet  the  situation.  The  result  was  a  very  large  increase 
in  the  output  of  box  shooks,  and  so  far  as  known  no  apples 
were  lost  through  inability  to  secure  containers.  During  the 
critical  period  of  this  shortage,  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
assisted  a  large  number  of  growers  in  getting  in  touch  with 
box  factories  still  able  to  furnish  shooks. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  assisted  the  food  adminis- 
tration early  in  1918  in  securing  the  co-operation  of  mill  men 
and 'fruit  growers  to  avoid  a  similar  situation  arising  the  fol- 
lowing fall. 

In  co-operation  with  Mr.  Ilebberd,  State  Food  Adminis- 
trator, a  meeting  of  the  fruit  growers  and  box  factory  men 
was  held  in  Spokane  in  November,  1917.  Specifications  for  a 
standard  apple  box  were  very  carefully  considered  and  unan- 
imously approved.  These  specifications  made  no  change 
whatever  in  the  size  or  cubical  contents  of  the  boxes,  but  dealt 
entirely  with  the  thickness  and  width  of  the  various  pieces 
used.  Certain  variations,  clearly  defined,  were  voted  allow- 
able in  cases  of  emergency.  Fruit  growers  and  fruit  associa- 
tions all  over  the  northwest  were  repeatedly  urged  to  place 
their  orders  early  for  boxes  needed  for  the  1918  crop. 

Later  on  commission  dealers  in  the  state  were  called  upon 
to  make  every  effort  to  conserve  perishable  food  remaining 
unsold  and  to  turn  over  to  canning  clubs  perishable  products 
which  otherwise  would  be  allowed  to  waste ;  the  County  Coun- 
cils were  requested  to  give  this  subject  attention  in  the  inter- 
est of  food  economy. 

The  members  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense,  and  par- 
ticularly the  Minute  Women,  were  called  on  in  May,   1918, 

[41] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

to  assist  in  securing  signatures  to  the  **No  Wheat  Pledge," 
under  which  housekeepers  obligated  themselves  to  use  no 
wheat  (except  for  children  and  invalids)  until  the  harvest 
of  1918. 

One  of  the  most  difficult  situations  which  arose  constantly 
in  the  work  was  that  of  encouraging  the  continuous  and 
hearty  support  of  members  of  the  county  or  local  Councils  of 
Defense  who  did  not  readily  appreciate  that  the  fundamental 
purpose  of  the  food  administration  was  to  increase  and  con- 
serve the  supply  rather  than  to  bring  about  a  reduction  in 
prices  in  this  country.  This  task  was  particularly  perplexing 
during  the  first  few  weeks  following  the  food  administration's 
issuance  of  rules  regarding  the  use  of  wheat  substitutes.  With 
very  few  exceptions,  however,  it  was  found  that  the  members 
of  our  branches  quickly  appreciated  the  true  situation  when 
the  facts  were  clearly  explained. 

Labor. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  it  became  apparent  that  one 
of  the  largest  problems  with  which  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  would  be  confronted  was  the  necessity  of  keeping 
up  labor  efficiency.  The  program  of  maintaining  a  maximum 
efficiency  in  those  industries  most  essential  to  the  war  emer- 
gency comprised  two  sets  of  problems:  First,  keeping  labor 
"on  the  job"  continuously  and  effectively,  through  the  avoid- 
ance of  strikes,  lockouts  and  discontent;  second,  recruiting 
and  maintaining  an  adequate  supply  of  labor  to  fill  the  places 
of  the  men  withdrawn  from  normal  activities  by  the  operation 
of  the  Selective  Service  Act. 

The  first  series  of  problems  immediately  assumed  a  sinis- 
ter importance.  The  increasing  cost  of  living  prompted  work- 
ers in  all  lines  to  seek  higher  wages;  the  possibility  of  early 
strikes,  rumors  of  profiteering  in  food  and  other  essentials 
and  the  general  turmoil  accompanying  a  nation's  transition 
from  peace  to  war  combined  to  reduce  the  effectiveness  of 
labor  and  a  serious  slo wing-down  in  war  industry  seemed  un- 
avoidable. During  this  early  period  the  Federal  Government 
had  not  perfected  its  machinery  for  labor  adjustments  and  in 

[42] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

consequence  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  called  upon  to 
meet  industrial  emergencies. 

The  assistance  rendered  the  Government  in  meeting  these 
problems  passed  through  three  phases :  First,  in  direct  action 
by  members  of  the  State  Council  in  avoiding  or  settling  strikes 
where  there  was  no  federal  agency  to  deal  with  them ;  second, 
in  assisting  the  government  to  organize  its  own  agency  and  to 
begin  work  with  it,  in  this  state ;  and  third,  assisting  the  well- 
established  official  agencies  of  labor  adjustment.  During  the 
earliest  weeks  of  the  State  Council's  existence.  Governor 
Lister,  the  Chairman,  Dr.  Suzzallo,  Vice-Chairman,  Mr.  Peters, 
E.  P.  Marsh  and  representatives  for  labor  and  manufacturers 
were  constantly  engaged  in  an  endeavor  to  avert  strikes  in 
industries  of  fundamental  importance,  touching  agriculture, 
lumbering,  including  spruce;  shipbuilding,  loading  and  un- 
loading vessels,  transportation,  communication  including  tel- 
ephone and  other  public  services,  such  as  gas  supply-  The 
experience  and  sound  judgment  of  Henry  M.  White,  U.  S.  Com- 
missioner of  Immigration,  and  A.  H.  Younger,  State  Commis- 
sioner of  Labor,  were  of  great  value  to  the  state  and  nation 
during  the  troublesome  period  immediately  following  the 
outbreak  of  the  war.  Their  work  in  settling  labor  difficulties 
in  the  canneries  was  especially  effective. 

The  first  specific  problem  involving  danger  of  strife  be- 
tween labor  and  its  employers  was  in  the  construction  of  the 
cantonments  at  Camp  Lewis.  The  War  Department  Adjust- 
ment Commission  dispatched  to  this  state  Dr.  Carleton  H. 
Parker  as  their  special  representative.  Through  the  co-opera- 
tive efforts  of  Dr.  Parker,  the  Chairman  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense  and  various  representatives  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment and  the  Federal  and  State  Departments  of  Labor,  prac- 
tically all  labor  difficulties  at  Camp  Lewis  were  averted, 
though  seventeen  or  eighteen  strikes  were  threatened.  Dr. 
Parker's  tireless  labor  during  those  weeks  was  of  almost  in- 
calculable value  to  the  War  Department. 

Almost  coincident  with  the  labor  difficulties  at  Camp 
Lewis  came  the  strike  for  the  basic  eight-hour  day  in  the 
lumber  industry.     Fir  lumber  was  urgently  needed  for  can- 

[43] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

tonments  both  in  this  state  and  in  the  east-  Many  of  the 
lumber  operators  could  not  supply  the  lumber  for  which  they 
held  contracts,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  strike  extended  into 
their  camps,  plants  and  mills.  Dr.  Parker,  representing  the 
War  Department  in  labor  difficulties  interfering  with  the  con- 
struction of  cantonments  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  presented  the 
matter  to  the  group  of  contracting  lumbermen,  through  the 
courtesy  of  Mr.  George  H.  Long  of  Tacoma,  who  called  the 
meeting.  The  difficulty  in  securing  lumber  for  the  quick 
construction  of  this  much  needed  cantonment  was  met  by  a 
joint  act  of  patriotic  unselfishness  which  stands  out  almost 
unparalleled  in  the  war.  The  men  who  held  contracts  for  lum- 
ber and  could  not  fill  them  voluntarily  turned  them  in  and 
they  were  then  reissued  to  those  who  had  valuable  supplies 
of  stock  standing  in  their  yards  and  shops- 

Although  the  immediate  demand  for  lumber  for  the  can- 
tonments was  in  this  way  met,  the  strike  was  rapidly  spread- 
ing over  the  state  and  affecting  every  kind  of  industry  which 
was  dependent  to  any  extent  upon  itinerant  labor.  By  the 
middle  of  August  threats  were  freely  made  that  vast  fields  of 
grain  in  eastern  Washington  would  never  be  harvested,  that 
the  lumber  camps  and  mills  could  never  again  operate  except 
under  radically  changed  conditions  and  that  unless  the  strik- 
ers' demands  were  granted  the  transportation  facilities  of  the 
state  would  be  rendered  useless.  Though  in  many  respects 
there  was  just  ground  for  complaint  by  the  workers,  the 
greater  part  of  the  agitation  was  unquestionably  fomented  by 
pro-German  agents  and  irresponsible  foreigners  who  were  at 
heart  enemies  of  democratic  government.  The  issues  were 
naturally  blurred.  Chiefly  by  reason  of  the  wide  advertising 
given  the  I.  W.  W.  element,  the  strike  became  popularly 
known  as  the  "I.  W.  W.  strike." 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  conducted  an  inquiry  into 
the  causes  of  the  strike,  especially  as  it  affected  agriculture 
and  lumbering.  After  continuous  effort  upon  the  part  of 
Governor  Lister  and  extensive  hearings  by  the  State  Council 
of  Defense,  the  lumber  strike  remained  unsettled,  greatly  re- 
tarding fir  and  spruce   output.     The     federal     commission, 

[44] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

headed  by  Secretary  of  Labor  Wilson,  came  to  the  City  of 
Seattle  with  the  hope  of  adjusting  the  same  dispute,  but 
without  success. 

Finally,  after  numerous  interchanges,  conducted  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  by  mutual  agree- 
ment between  the  War  and  Labor  Departments  and  the  chair- 
man of  the  labor  policy  committee  of  the  lumber  operators 
the  whole  question  of  the  adjustment  of  wages,  hours  and 
working  conditions  in  the  lumber  industry  was  left  to  the 
decision  of  General  (then  Colonel)  Brice  Disque,  in  charge  of 
the  Spruce  Production  division  of  the  Signal  Corps.  He  or- 
ganized the  Loyal  Legion  of  Lumbermen  &  Loggers,  and  the 
subsequent  conferences  of  representative  members  of  this  or- 
ganization, including  both  employers  and  employees,  led  to 
the  removal  of  all  grievances,  labor  efficiency  was  restored 
and  a  sufficient  supply  of  airplane  spruce  and  shipbuilding 
fir  guaranteed.  General  Disque  established  the  basic  8-hour 
day,  for  which  the  strike  was  originally  called. 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  Chairman  of  the  State  Coun- 
cil of  Defense,  assisted  by  the  Economics  Department  of  the 
University  acting  as  special  investigators  as  to  economic  fact, 
the  policy  of  conciliation  and  mediation  in  labor  disputes  was 
continuously  applied  to  every  threatened  or  actual  difference 
as  to  wages,  hours  and  working  conditions.  The  Chairman 
was  chosen  as  neutral  arbitrator  in  the  settlement  of  the  street 
car  strike  involving  the  systems  in  Tacoma  and  Seattle. 

Offsetting  Draft  Calls  in  Industry 

The  second  series  of  problems  connected  with  the  labor 
supply  of  the  state,  that  of  filling  the  vacancies  in  essential 
industry  occasioned  by  the  drafts  of  men  into  the  National 
Army,  grew  constantly  more  difficult  as  the  war  progressed. 
The  superimposition  of  war  industry  upon  the  labor  power 
of  the  state  required  the  reduction  of  labor  demands  by  those 
industries  less  essential  in  time  of  war.  The  only  successful 
method  which  the  State  Council  of  Defense  could  employ  was 
to  discourage  the  consumption  and  therefore  the  production 
of  non-essential   goods.     The   actual  provision  of  new  labor 

[45] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

supplies  depended  upon  three  sources:  first,  the  return  to 
active  work  by  men  who  had  retired;  second,  the  use  of 
women  as  substitutes  for  men;  third,  the  employment  of 
young  men  and  women  who  ordinarily  would  be  in  the  higher 
schools  in  industry,  commerce  and  agriculture  without  serious 
interference  with  their  education.  Throughout  the  whole  of 
the  State  Council's  deliberations  on  the  multitude  of  questions 
arising,  the  inevitable  strain  of  the  reduced  man-power  was  a 
chief  consideration.  The  lines  of  work  in  which  the  Council 
undertook  to  meet  the  situation  and  the  methods  and  policies 
devised  were  of  so  various  a  nature  that  they  are  treated  at 
length  under  other  subjects  herein. 

Farm  Labor. 

On  June  25th,  1917,the  State  Council  of  Defense  went  on 
record  as  opposed  to  the  importation  of  Chinese  labor  for 
agricultural  purposes,  believing  that  the  available  labor 
supply  of  the  state  would  be  sufficient  for  all  needs  if  proper- 
ly distributed  and  used.  Throughout  the  whole  period  of  the 
war,  A.  L.  Rogers,  in  charge  of  the  Farm  Labor  department 
of  the  State  Council,  maintained  stoutly  that  the  potential 
labor  power  of  any  state  and  any  community  was  many  times 
greater  than  the  power  normally  exerted,  and  that  the  chief 
duty  of  the  State  and  County  Councils  of  Defense  lay  in  the 
stimulation  of  local  effort,  rather  than  in  attempting  to  bring 
about  a  general  movement  of  labor  over  the  state  or  into  the 
state  or  in  the  curtailment  of  production.  Except  during  the 
periods  of  the  year  when  the  agricultural  sections  normally 
draw  on  other  communities  for  extra  labor,  every  farming  and 
horticultural  community  in  the  state  was  able  to  plant,  care 
for  and  harvest  its  crops  during  the  1917  and  1918  seasons, 
by  drawing  on  its  normally  unused  labor  supply.  Women, 
boys  and  girls,  retired  farmers,  merchants,  professional  men 
and  clerks  from  near-by  towns  cheerfully  responded  to  the 
nation's  call  for  food,  and  no  really  serious  situation  devel- 
oped. 


[46] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

State  Harvesters'  League. 

The  Washington  State  Harvesters'  League  was  organized 
early  in  the  summer  of  1917  to  assist  in  meeting  the  anticipat- 
ed shortage  in  farm  labor,  due  to  the  war  needs.  The  expenses 
of  the  League's  operation  were  paid  entirely  by  private  indi 
viduals,  Mr.  Frank  Waterhouse  and  Mr.  R-  H.  Parsons  con- 
tributing the  greater  portion.  Under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Waterhouse  as  Chairman  and  Mr.  Welford  Beaton  as  Secre- 
tary, the  League  carried  on  a  very  active  campaign  during 
1917  to  induce  men  and  women  living  in  cities,  particularly 
Seattle,  to  spend  a  part  or  all  of  their  summer  vacation  on  the 
farms  or  in  the  orchards  in  eastern  Washington.  Special  mov- 
ing picture  films  were  prepared  and  exhibited  over  the  state. 
These  showed  scenes  in  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  dis- 
tricts of  the  state,  with  men  and  women  from  the  cities  at 
work,  picking  and  packing  apples  and  other  fruit,  haying, 
harvesting,  etc.,  and  proved  to  be  a  most  effective  means  of 
arousing  the  needed  interest.  Mrs.  Katherine  Blackall  trav- 
eled over  the  state  representing  the  League,  giving  lectures 
and  practical  suggestions  as  to  needed  improvement  in  the 
quarters  furnished  transient  help,  sanitary  conditions  and 
emphasizing  the  necessity  for  each  community  using  to  the 
utmost  its  own  labor  before  calling  on  other  parts  of  the  state 
for  help. 

Registration  of  men  and  women  willing  to  spend  a  portion 
of  the  summer  in  agricultural  work  was  maintained  at  Seattle 
and  many  hundreds  of  persons  were  registered.  Excellent 
newspaper  publicity  accompanied  each  feature  of  the  League's 
plan  and  beyond  question  its  efforts  brought  the  problem  to 
the  attention  of  thousands  at  a  time  when  the  situation  was 
acute. 

Following  the  Farm  Labor  Conference  called  by  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  in  February,  1918,  at  which  it  was  agreed 
that  no  agency  other  than  the  U.  S.  Employment  Service 
should  direct  the  actual  transfer  of  labor  from  one  part  of  the 
state  to  another,  the  State  Harvesters'  League  confined  its 
efforts  during  the  1918  season  to  co-operation  in  bringing  be- 
fore the  people  of  the  state  the  need  for  an  increased  local 

[47] 


Report  of  Wdshmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

effort  in  meeting  the  farm  labor  problem  and  in  arranging 
and  placing  small  groups  of  women  and  girls  desiring  to  work 
in  the  orchards  and  berry  fields  of  the  state,  in  co-operation 
with  the  U.  S-  Employment  Service.  A  large  number  of  such 
groups  were  formed  and  suitable  employment  given  under 
carefully  inspected  living  conditions.  The  work  of  the  State 
Harvesters'  League  was  of  very  great  value  to  the  state,  not 
merely  in  the  educational  effect  at  a  time  when  seriously  need- 
ed, but  in  the  actual  release  of  men  for  the  army  and  war  in- 
dustries by  the  employment  of  women  and  older  men. 

Early  in  1918  it  became  evident  that  so  many  agencies, 
federal  and  otherwise,  were  about  to  adopt  policies  to  meet 
the  farm  labor  shortage  that  some  control  must  be  exercised 
in  order  to  avoid  confusion  and  waste  of  labor  supply.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  State  Council  of  Defense  called  a  conference 
which  was  held  in  Seattle  on  February  26th.  The  following 
were  present: 

Dr.  Henry  Suzzallo  and  A.  L.  Rogers,  representing  the 

State  Council  of  Defense ; 
Henry  M.  White,   U.   S.  Immigration  Commissioner  and 

District  Director  of  Federal  Employment  Service; 
Lawrence  "Wood,   (Assistant  to  Mr.  White),  in  charge  of 

Federal  Employment  Offices  in  this  state; 
John  C-  Scott,  U.  S.  Farm  Help  Specialist; 
Robert  Moran,   State  Director  U.   S.  Public   Service  Re- 
serve ; 
M.  L.  Dean,  Chief  of  Division  of  Horticulture,  represent- 
ing the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the  state ; 
Gordon  Corbaley,  Executive  Secretary,  and  H.  Y.  Saint, 
(State   Development   Bureau),    representing    Seattle 
Chamber  of  Commerce; 
A.  M.  Linklater,  of  Puyallup,  representing  the  Washing- 
ton State  College,  Pullman; 
Welford    Beaton,    representing    the    State    Harvesters' 
League. 

It  was  found  that  each  of  the  agencies  represented  at  the 
meeting  had  been  making  plans  to  assist  in  conserving  and 
distributing  the  labor  supply  for  the   agricultural   districts. 

[48] 


Report  of  WasMngton  State  Council  of  Defense 

After  an  extensive  discussion,  it  was  unanimously  voted  that 
the  system  in  use  by  the  Federal  Employment  Offices  under 
Mr.  White  and  Mr.  Wood  should  be  the  exclusive  means  by 
which  labor  should  be  distributed  over  the  state.  All  other 
agencies  were  to  be  made  supplementary  to  the  U.  S.  Employ- 
ment Service.  John  C.  Scott,  U.  S.  Farm  Help  Specialist,  was 
designated  to  take  entire  charge  of  installing  sub-agencies 
in  each  county  of  the  state  so  as  to  broaden  and  supplement 
the  U.  S.  Employment  Service.  This  work  of  organization 
and  supervision  was  to  be  conducted  through  the  County  Agri- 
cultural Agents,  with  the  support  and  assistance  of  the  Coun- 
ty Councils  of  Defense.  Mr.  Scott  was  to  designate  offices 
for  the  special  work  in  the  four  counties  of  the  state  which 
had  made  no  provision  for  County  Agricultural  Agents,  mak- 
ing temporary  appointments  in  the  counties  where  provision 
was  made  for  the  Agricultural  Agents,  but  no  appointments 
had  yet  been  made. 

This  plan  proved  to  be  most  practicable  and  although 
many  complaints  of  shortage  in  labor  were  received  from  time 
to  time  it  is  our  belief  that  no  crop  was  lost  through  inability 
to  secure  help. 

Late  in  March,  Henry  M.  White  and  Lawrence  Wood, 
representing  the  United  States  Employment  Service,  called  on 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  for  help  in  recruiting  farm  labor- 
ers. At  all  times  in  touch  with  the  United  States  Employment 
Service,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  began  a  campaign,  act- 
ing through  the  County  Councils  of  Defense,  to  release  for 
farm  work  idle  men  engaged  in  occupations  which  were  obvi- 
ously non-essential  or  which  could  be  filled  by  women,  and  also 
to  induce  retired  farmers  to  return  to  agricultural  work  so 
long  as  the  war  lasted.  The  program  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  increased  production  in  1918  was  also  given 
wide  distribution. 

John  C.  Scott,  U.  S.  Farm  Help  Specialist,  visited  the 
chairmen  of  the  Councils  of  Defense  in  each  of  the  agricul- 
tural counties  of  the  state  and  in  most  of  the  counties  assisted 
in  the  forming  of  small  committees  to  carry  on  a  careful  can- 


[49] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

vass  to  reach  able-bodied  men  who  should  be  at  work  on  the 
farms- 
Gen.  Crowder's  **Work  or  Fight"  order  was  issued  a  few 
weeks  after  the  State  Council  had  commenced  its  active  cam- 
paign to  recruit  farm  labor  and  from  that  time  on  the  problem 
was  greatly  simplified. 

Boys'  Working  Reserve. 

In  the  fall  of  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  commu- 
nicated with  several  hundred  industrial  plants  throughout  the 
state  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  organization  of  a  boys* 
working  reserve  would  be  of  practical  assistance  in  meeting 
the  threatened  labor  shortage.  The  State  Council's  conclu- 
sion was  that  for  the  season  of  1918  the  activity  was  not 
needed,  but  owing  to  repeated  requests  from  the  National 
Director,  the  State  Council  recommended  the  appointment  of 
Mr.  Robert  Moran,  he  having  already  been  appointed  State 
Director  of  the  Public  Service  Reserve. 

Fuel  Conservation. 

In  September,  1917,  prior  to  the  appointment  of  the 
State  Fuel  Administrator,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  called 
on  the  County  Councils  to  canvass  the  fuel  dealers  and 
secure  definite  information  as  to  the  supply  of  coal 
and  firewood  on  hand.  The  information  obtained  was 
turned  over  to  Mr.  David  Whitcomb  after  his  appointment 
as  Fuel  Administrator  for  the  state.  Mr.  Whitcomb 's  ap- 
pointment was  recommended  by  the  State  Council  and  in 
choosing  his  county  representatives  he  relied  almost  entirely 
npon  the  recommendations  of  the  County  Councils.  His  suc- 
cessor, Mr.  Winlock  W.  Miller,  also  used  the  State  and  County 
Councils  of  Defense  wherever  possible,  in  his  work. 

Unnecessary  Conventions  and  Meetings. 

In  response  to  many  requests  for  a  statement  of  policy 
regarding  the  holding  of  state  conventions  and  other  public 
gatherings,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  adopted  and  publish- 
ed a  resolution  discouraging  the  holding  of  conventions  and 

[50] 


I 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

unnecessary  gatherings  during  the  war;  that  where  conven- 
tions were  regarded  as  essential  their  programs  be  confined 
strictly  to  the  transaction  of  business  and  that  all  unnecessary 
entertaining  of  delegates  and  other  display  and  advertising  be 
omitted. 

Commercial  Economy. 

The  Commercial  Economy  movement  in  this  state  was  be- 
gun by  the  State  Council's  calling  on  the  County  Councils  to 
induce  merchants  to  eliminate  unnecessary  deliveries  of  goods 
and  to  reduce  as  much  as  possible  the  prevalent  practice  of 
allowing  goods  sold  to  be  returned.  (See  report  on  Sub-  Com- 
mittees-) 

Conservation  of  Credit. 

Continuous  publicity  was  given  to  the  fact  that  the  early 
winning  of  the  war  depended  largely  upon  the  universal  exer- 
cise of  economy  in  the  use  of  transportation  facilities,  capital, 
credit,  labor  and  those  raw  and  manufactured  materials  es- 
sential to  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Various  statements 
of  the  President,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Fed- 
eral Reserve  Board  as  to  the  proper  control  of  credit  and  is- 
suance of  corporate  securities  were  given  wide  publicity 
through  the  County  Councils  of  Defense. 

Non-War  Construction. 

During  the  four  weeks  immediately  preceding  the  sign- 
ing of  the  armistice  the  section,  or  sub-committee  on  non-war 
construction,  under  the  direction  of  R.  H.  Thompson  and  his 
assistant,  F.  T.  Bradley,  of  Seattle,  was  extremely  active. 
The  Non-War  Construction  Section  of  the  War  Industries 
Board  in  October  began  the  application  of  principles  which 
had  been  announced  as  early  as  March,  1918,  pursuant  to 
which  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  building  materials  had 
obligated  themselves  to  deliver  materials  only  when  author- 
ized under  permits  issued  by  the  War  Industries  Board.  These 
permits  were  withheld  from  all  projects  not  directly  needed 
by  the  Government  in  prosecuting  the  war,  with  a  few  spe- 
cific exceptions  which  seemed  necessary  in  order  to  avoid  a 

[51] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

wide  disruption  in  business  or  municipal  affairs.  The  prin- 
ciples guiding  this  committee  in  exercising  the  discretion  al- 
lowed under  the  War  Industries  Board  regulations  were  gradu- 
ally forming,  and  it  is  probable  that  by  the  end  of  the  year 
the  amount  of  labor  and  material  being  expended  in  the  state 
for  ** non-war*'  projects  would  have  been  reduced  to  the  mini- 
mum, except  where  it  clearly  appeared  that  the  labor  and  ma- 
terials involved  could  not  possibly  be  needed  for  war  activi- 
ties. Immediately  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  War 
Industries  Board  began  repealing  various  features  of  its  poli- 
cies and  by  December  1st  the  section's  functions  had  entirely 
disappeared,  all  restrictions  on  construction  of  any  nature 
having  been  removed. 

Had  the  war  continued  Mr.  Thompson  would  have  asked 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  to  appoint  county  directors  of 
non-war  construction  and  it  is  probable  that  a  state-wide  sur- 
vey of  conditions  would  have  been  made  to  determine  whether 
or  not  projects  already  under  way  should  have  been  allowed 
to  proceed  to  completion. 

Boots  and  Shoes. 

Early  in  November  the  War  Industries  Board  called  on 
the  State  and  County  Councils  of  Defense  to  assist  in  securing 
pledges  of  dealers  throughout  the  state  that  they  would  han- 
dle boots  and  shoes  only  in  the  styles  and  at  the  prices  fixed 
by  the  War  Industries  Board.  This  program  was  terminated 
almost  immediately  by  reason  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice. 
The  County  Councils  of  Defense  were  compiling  the  lists  of 
dealers  and  arranging  to  canvass  them  for  pledges  when  noti- 
fied that  the  program  had  been  dropped. 

War  Economy  in  General. 

As  the  necessity  for  a  more  careful  economy  of  resources 
became  emphasized,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  formed  a 
War  Economy  Committee  consisting  of  the  state  directors  of 
the  Liberty  Loan  and  War  Savings  Committee,  Fuel  and  Food 
Administrators,  the  chairman  of  the  sub-committee  on  Com- 

[52] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

mercial  Economy  and  John  T-  Heffernan,  member  of  the  State 
Council  representing  Non-War  Construction. 

A  series  of  meetings  of  the  Community  Councils  of  De- 
fense to  emphasize  specific  economy  programs  were  planned 
and  about  to  be  launched  when  the  armistice  was  signed. 


HOME  DEFENSE. 


In  the  fall  of  1917,  pursuant  to  the  request  of  the  Council 
of  National  Defense,  the  State  Council  prepared  a  report  as  to 
the  methods  used  in  handling  the  illegal  phases  of  the  labor 
situation  during  the  summer  and  early  fall  of  1917.  A  copy 
of  this  report  is  attached  hereto.     (See  Appendix  A.) 

Protection  of  Property. 

During  the  first  few  months  of  our  work  we  found  a 
very  general  tendency  toward  hysteria  in  a  few  communities 
in  the  state.  For  a  time  the  Governor  and  the  State  Council 
were  besieged  with  applications  for  detail  of  troops  to  guard 
warehouses,  mills  and  other  property  from  threatened  incen- 
diarism. In  a  few  instances  the  Governor  was  urged  to  de- 
clare martial  law.  The  members  and  executive  officers  of  the 
State  Council  of  Defense  were  in  constant  touch  with  the  Gov- 
ernor and  were  at  all  times  in  entire  accord  with  his  policy 
on  this  subject.  The  underlying  idea  throughout  all  the  work 
of  the  Council  during  the  first  six  months  was  to  stimulate 
the  County  Councils  and  all  local  authorities  to  an  apprecia- 
tion of  their  responsibility  for  the  solution  of  local  problems. 
The  withholding  of  troops  where  the  need  was  not  clearly 
established  undoubtedly  served  to  build  this  sense  of  local  re- 
sponsibility. But  some  of  the  most  caustic  criticism  of  the 
State  Council  has  arisen  through  its  unwavering  belief  in  the 
wisdom  of  the  policy  followed. 

Home  Guards. 

Washington,  like  many  other  states  of  the  union,  found 
itself  with  very  inadequate  legal  machinery  for  the  organiza- 

[53] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

tion  of  any  form  of  militia  or  home  guard  defenses  to  take  the 
place  of  the  National  Guard.  Immediately  upon  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  the  Second  Washington  Eegiment  of  the  National 
Guard  became  automatically  a  part  of  the  National  Army. 
In  August,  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  passed  a  reso- 
lution requesting  the  Governor  and  the  Adjutant  General  to 
form  one  or  more  regiments  of  the  Militia  Reserve  of  the  state, 
as  provided  by  law,  and  calling  on  the  sheriffs  and  prosecut- 
ing attorneys  of  the  several  counties  to  take  energetic  steps  to 
preserve  peace  in  their  districts  and  particularly  to  protect 
all  food  supplies. 

Adjutant  General  Thompson,  at  Governor  Lister's  request, 
organized  sixteen  companies  of  infantry  and  one  machine-gun 
company-  These  were  mustered  in  under  Colonel  William  Mc- 
Clure,  as  the  Third  Washington  Regiment.  This  regiment 
was  subsequently  federalized  under  a  construction  placed  upon 
the  United  States  statute  governing  all  of  the  militia  and  so 
remained  during  the  war.  These  men  were  subject,  under  the 
law,  not  only  to  service  within  the  state,  but  to  render  national 
service  anywhere  in  the  United  States,  on  call  of  the  Federal 
authorities. 

In  order  to  supplement  this  Militia  Reserve,  Governor 
Lister  made  use  of  the  power  given  to  him  by  statute,  by 
granting  permits  to  organize  units  of  Home  Guards.  These 
were  issued  for  the  period  of  the  war  and  only  to  citizens 
whose  loyalty  was  vouched  for  by  a  written  endorsement  of 
the  chairman  of  the  County  Council  of  Defense  in  the  county 
of  the  applicant's  residence,  lists  of  names  of  members,  offi- 
cers, addresses  and  occupations  being  filed  with  the  Governor 
and  with  the  department  of  Home  Defense  of  the  State  Coun- 
cil of  Defense.  Under  this  plan,  many  companies  of  Home 
Guard  units  were  organized  throughout  the  various  counties, 
the  head  of  each  such  organization  being  a  Captain. 

These  companies  were  equipped  from  funds  of  local  sub- 
scription and  patriotic  citizens.  Many  of  them  became  well 
perfected  in  drill  and  in  the  elementary  military  movements 
and  formed  the  nucleus  for  protection  of  the  different  locali- 
ties against  threatened  disorder  and  lawlessness,   but  to   a 

[54] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


greater  extent  and  to  a  more  practical  purpose  they  were  of 
valuable  service  in  assisting  the  war  activities,  the  operation 
of  the  Red  Cross,  the  Liberty  Loan  and  other  drives,  and  in 
maintaining  the  morale  of  loyalty  and  patriotism  in  their  com- 
munities. By  this  method  there  was  a  basis  of  protection  pro- 
vided without  withdrawing  able-bodied  men  from  active  in- 
dustries to  maintain  a  citizen  soldiery. 

Soon  after  the  declaration  of  war,  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment adopted  the  general  policy  of  guarding  railroads  and 
railroad  property  and  water  transportation,  docks,  etc.,  in  ad- 
dition to  munition  plants,  using  armed  guards  from  the  Na- 
tional Army  for  the  purpose.  There  were  rumors  quite  gen- 
eral throughout  the  country  of  plots  to  destroy  railroad 
bridges  and  public  property  and  a  number  of  munition  plants 
were  actually  blown  up.  This  seemed  to  excite  in  the  minds 
of  the  public  generally  a  fear  for  the  safety  of  business  prop- 
erty, and  especially  logging  camps  and  lumber  mills  in  this 
region,  and  there  were  urgent  and  incessant  demands  from 
all  quarters  upon  the  Governor  to  furnish  armed  troops  to 
guard  these  properties.  Had  the  Governor  yielded  to  such 
demands,  the  state  would  have  been  put  to  a  very  great  ex- 
pense for  which  there  was  no  appropriation  to  cover,  and  the 
public  would  have  only  been  encouraged  in  its  tendency  to 
disregard  all  confidence  in  the  responsibility  of  the  sheriff 
and  police  officers.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Governor  employ- 
ed a  secret  service  force  of  from  five  to  ten  men  who  operated 
throughout  the  state,  kept  fully  in  touch  with  all  troubles  and 
mischief  that  were  brewing  and  all  rumors  of  disloyal  or  un- 
patriotic movements  and  in  most  instances  prevented  the  for- 
mation of  disturbances  at  the  very  inception.  This  handful  of 
men  was  more  effective  in  preventing  trouble  in  mining  and 
logging  camps,  farming  communities  and  I.  W-  W.  centers 
than  could  have  been  suppressed  by  five  hundred  men  under 
arms  had  the  trouble  been  allowed  to  break  out. 

Fire  Prevention. 

One  of  the  first  subjects  to  which  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  turned  its  attention  was  the  prevention  of  fire  in  the 

[55] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

grain  fields  of  the  state.  In  July,  1917,  with  the  assistant' 
of  H.  0.  Fishback,  State  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  a  bulle- 
tin of  instructions  for  the  prevention  of  fires  in  grain- 
fields  was  prepared  and  sent  to  the  County  Coun- 
cils. These  suggestions  furnished  several  of  the  County  Coun- 
cils in  Eastern  Washington  not  merely  the  occasion  for  per- 
fecting their  organization,  but  an  opportunity  to  do  some  of 
the  most  effective  work  accomplished  by  the  defense  organi- 
zation in  this  state.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  risks  incident 
to  threshing  and  those  caused  by  locomotives,  there  were 
numerous  threats  of  incendiary  action  during  the  summer 
and  fall  of  1917.  The  County  Councils  in  the  great  wheat 
districts  formed  a  net-work  of  farmers  and  citizens  which 
covered  every  part  of  the  country.  Special  arrangements 
were  made  with  telephone  companies  to  maintain  an  all-night 
service;  special  wires  were  laid  to  strategic  points  and  dur- 
ing the  critical  period  look-outs  were  kept  on  high  points, 
day  and  night,  constantly  scanning  the  horizon  and  ready  for 
immediate  investigation  of  fire  or  smoke  appearing.  In  the 
towns  and  cities  of  the  wheat  belt,  automobiles  loaded  with 
shovels  and  other  tools  for  fire-fighting,  wet  bags  and  blan- 
kets, large  cans  of  water,  fire-extinguishers,  etc.,  were  kept 
ready  for  instant  use  by  any  member  of  the  organization. 
Automobile  owners  generally  were  on  the  alert  and  in  the 
few  instances  where  fires  occurred  large  bodies  of  men  were 
on  the  spot  within  ten  to  twenty  minutes  after  the  fires  were 
discovered. 

Threshing  outfits  were  carefully  examined  to  eliminate 
every  possible  source  of  risk,  farmers  and  employers  were 
repeatedly  warned  to  take  every  precaution  and  a  public  sen- 
timent was  quickly  built  which  quieted  those  who  had  freely 
predicted  disastrous  losses  and  effectually  discouraged  any 
miscreants  who  had  planned  to  destroy  crops,  for  very  few 
suspicious  fires  occurred  in  the  grain-fields  and  none  which 
apparently  was  of  incendiary  origin.  Though  the  loss  by  fire 
in  normal  times  usually  aggregated  many  thousands  of  bush- 
els, during  the  1917  season  the  total  losses  reported  to  the. 
State  Council  of  Defense  was  but  seven  acres  of  grain. 

[56] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

Early  in  1918  the  Fire  Underwriters'  Association  ten- 
dered to  Governor  Lister  and  the  State  Council  of  Defense  the 
services  of  its  large  force  of  inspectors  to  scour  the  state  to 
reduce  unnecessary  fire  risks  in  mills,  factories,  warehouses 
and  other  places  where  grain,  food  products  or  wool  were 
stored.  Nearly  one  hundred  inspectors  were  engaged  in  this 
work-  A  few  weeks  after  the  original  inspection  a  second 
call  was  made  to  check  up  the  precautions  suggested  and  a 
very  large  number  of  hazards  were  eliminated.  This  work 
was  carried  on  directly  under  the  supervision  of  George  E. 
Ryan,  appointed  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense  as  State 
Director  of  Food  Protection.  The  State  Council  of  Defense 
on  several  occasions  communicated  with  fire  marshals  and 
chiefs  of  fire  departments  over  the  state,  urging  them  to  give 
their  particular  attention  to  the  elimination  of  fire  risk  and 
to  call  on  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  for  active  assistance. 

In  co-operation  with  State  Forester  Pape,  the  State  Coun- 
cil printed  and  sent  out  to  the  County  Councils  lists  of  forest 
rangers  with  request  that  arrangements  be  made  for  prompt 
assistance  in  case  of  forest  fires  in  their  districts. 

At  one  time  during  the  fall  of  1917,  official  warning 
from  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration  was  received  that  there 
was  a  wide-spread  conspiracy  on  foot  to  destroy  food  products 
throughout  the  country.  The  County  Councils  were  immedi- 
ately instructed  to  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  all 
owners  and  managers  of  warehouses  or  places  of  storage 
and  to  see  that  ample  guards  were  furnished,  either  as  volun- 
teers or  otherwise,  as  might  be  necessary.  Whether  the  rumor 
of  such  a  conspiracy  was  well  founded  or  not,  no  destruction 
of  property  occurred  in  the  state  which  could  be  traced  to 
such  origin. 

From  time  to  time  our  attention  was  called  to  various 
individuals  or  communities  apparently  unaware  of  the  necess- 
ity of  giving  unusual  care  to  food  supplies,  live  stock,  etc. 
By  personal  letters  or  through  the  County  Councils  of  De- 
fense the  importance  of  guarding  against  fire,  of  protecting 
young  live  stock  against  severe  weather,  etc.,  was  brought 
to  the  attention  of  these  persons. 

[57] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

Disloyalty. 

No  harm  can  now  result  from  the  frank  admission  that 
in  many  parts  of  the  State  of  Washington  there  was  at  first 
not  merely  an  unwilling  participation  in  war  work,  but  an 
active  pro-German  or  anti-American  group-  The  opposition 
to  our  form  of  government  originated  in  a  variety  of  aims — 
some  definitely  revolutionary  and  sinister,  others  merely 
short-sighted  and  theoretical  but  equally  dangerous.  By  the 
time  the  second  Liberty  Loan  campaign  was  over,  the  atmos- 
phere was  full  of  rumors  of  disloyalty.  The  patriots  whose 
enthusiasm  was  earliest  aroused  had  already  come  together 
in  definite  groups;  disclosures  of  official  German  treachery 
and  numerous  treasonable  plots  within  our  own  country  had 
brought  about  a  frame  of  mind  frequently  approaching  hys- 
teria. Volunteer  secret  service  organizations  were  springing 
up  in  many  places  and  charges  of  pro-Germanism,  disloyalty, 
profiteering,  food-hoarding  and  actual  treason  were  being 
hurled  at  hundreds  of  people  over  the  state.  A  few  cases  of 
actual  mob  violence  developed  and  the  situation  was  ex- 
tremely critical. 

In  December,  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  called 
on  the  County  Councils  to  organize  a  volunteer  secret  service 
to  operate  in  strict  pursuance  to  the  policy  laid  down  by  the 
State  Council.  The  County  Councils  were  urged  to  combat 
the  tendency  to  charge  persons  with  disloyalty  because  of  dis- 
agreement as  to  methods,  to  discourage  in  every  possible  way 
the  use  of  violence  or  illegal  methods  in  treating  persons 
whose  loyalty  was  doubted  and  to  foster  a  sane  and  orderly 
thinking  in  every  community.  A  method  of  dealing  with  per- 
sons whose  loyalty  was  questioned  was  outlined.  Acting 
along  the  lines  suggested  by  the  State  Council  several  County 
Councils  were  able  to  carry  on  most  constructive  work  of  the 
kind.  Several  instances  developed  where  men  who  had  flatly 
refused  to  purchase  liberty  bonds  or  assist  the  Red  Cross  and 
who  were  in  danger  of  mob  violence,  were  brought  before  the 
County  Council  for  a  hearing,  made  to  appreciate  the  gravity 
of  their  position  and  induced  to  change  front  and  support  the 
Government  thereafter,  at  least  so  far  as  outward  appearance 

[58] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

was  concerned.  Confidential  reports  from  chairmen  of  various 
County  Councils  indicate  that  in  many  instances  such  persons 
actually  did  alter  their  mental  processes  and  became  sincere 
in  their  support  of  the  Government.  Naturally  some  instan- 
ces were  brought  to  light  where  it  was  utterly  impossible  to 
form  a  satisfactory  opinion  as  to  the  loyalty  of  the  person 
suspected,  but  at  worst  such  persons  were  not  subjected  to 
unjust  or  illegal  treatment  by  an  irresponsible  mob  and  cer- 
tainly were  not  driven  to  adopt  a  sullen  and  lasting  resent- 
ment toward  their  community  or  the  Government. 

Immediately  after  President  Wilson's  appeal  to  the  loyal 
citizens  of  the  nation  to  refrain  from  the  use  of  violence  or 
illegal  methods  in  attempting  to  carry  on  patriotic  work,  the 
State  Council  again  called  on  the  County  Councils  of  Defense 
to  consider  this  as  one  of  their  most  important  functions.  A 
number  of  instances  were  found  in  which  violent  methods  were 
in  contemplation  and  which  were  prevented  by  quiet,  personal 
counsel.  Numerous  complaints  reached  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  concerning  the  unjust  acts  or  alleged  acts  of  chairmen 
or  members  of  County  Councils  of  Defense  and  while  each  of 
these  was  investigated  as  carefully  as  possible,  the  State  Coun- 
cil's policy  was  to  rely  very  largely  on  the  judgment  of  the 
members  of  the  local  body,  so  long  as  it  was  evident  legal 
methods  only  were  in  use  and  proper  care  was  taken  to  pre- 
vent hasty  or  prejudiced  action  against  persons  suspected  of 
disloyalty  or  *  *  slackerism- " 

The  most  difficult  situations  arose  where  local  committees 
soliciting  funds  or  subscriptions  to  Liberty  Bonds  or  War  Sav- 
ings Stamps  without  careful  investigation  of  all  the  facts  in- 
volved branded  individuals  as  "disloyal"  for  failure  to  re- 
spond as  quickly  or  as  generously  as  others  deemed  proper. 
The  instances  of  this  kind  which  have  come  to  our  attention, 
though  fortunately  very  few,  illustrate  to  a  striking  degree 
the  serious  danger  of  well-meaning  persons  over-zealous  in 
patriotic  work  rendering  irreparable  injustice  to  other  citizens, 
equally  loyal,  but  unfortunate  enough  to  have  been  subject 
to  prejudiced  local  suspicion. 


[59] 


Report  of  Wdshmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

Although  the  State  Council  was  without  legal  authority, 
the  personnel  and  spirit  of  co-operation  of  the  County  and 
Community  Councils  of  Defense  was  such  that  in  many  instan- 
ces it  was  possible  to  bring  about  the  expression  of  so  solid 
a  public  opinion  as  to  enable  us  to  enforce  policies  which  in 
normal  times  would  have  required  Legislative  sanction.  For 
example,  the  State  Council  adopted,  and  through  the  County 
and  Local  Councils  of  Defense,  enforced  an  almost  universal 
observance  of  the  following: 

1.  The  State  Board  of  Education  and  the  State  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction  were  requested  to  ask  all 
school  boards  in  the  state  to  eliminate  the  teaching  of  German 
in  the  public,  elementary  and  high  schools. 

2.  All  persons  desiring  to  make  use  of  the  German  lan- 
guage in  public  or  quasi-public  meetings  were  asked  to  file 
with  the  County  Council  of  Defense  for  the  county  in  which 
the  meeting  was  to  be  held,  a  written  notice  of  the  intention 
to  hold  such  meeting,  at  least  seven  days  prior  to  the  holding 
thereof,  such  notice  to  set  forth  the  purpose  of  the  meeting,  by 
whom  called  or  under  whose  auspices  it  was  to  be  held,  and 
a  full  statement  of  the  reason  such  meeting  might  not  be  con- 
ducted in  the  English  language. 

3.  The  State  Council  requested  all  private  schools  here- 
tofore conducting  their  instruction  through  the  medium  of 
the  German  language  to  discontinue  such  practice  prior  to 
September  1,  1918,  and  thereafter  to  continue  their  instruc- 
tion through  the  medium  of  the  English  language  only.  (Bul- 
letin No.  121.) 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  assisted  whenever  possible 
in  investigating  disloyalty  on  the  part  of  public  school  teach- 
ers, but  full  credit  is  due  to  Mrs.  Josephine  Preston,  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  for  her  continued  vigi- 
lance and  courageous  stand  in  this  matter.  It  can  do  no  harm 
to  admit  that  there  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  a  very 
considerable  pacifist  element  among  the  school  teachers  of  the 
state;  there  were  isolated  instances  of  pro-Germanism,  proba- 
bly less  than  would  be  found  in  an  equal  number  of  other  citi- 

[60] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

zens,  but  potentially  many  times  more  dangerous,  because  of 
their  effect  upon  the  impressionable  minds  of  their  pupils. 
The  prompt  and  fearless  action  in  cancelling  teachers'  certifi- 
cates in  one  or  two  instances  where  the  offender's  disloyalty 
was  well  established  unquestionably  was  one  of  the  most  effec- 
tive and  wholesome  steps  taken  by  any  public  official  in  the 
state. 

Considerable  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  upon  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  to  investigate  the  action  of  certain  citizens 
of  Walla  Walla  whom  it  was  claimed  prevented  the  State 
Grange  from  holding  its  annual  meeting  in  that  city 
by  reason  of  the  election  of  William  Bouck,  connected  with 
the  Non-Partisan  League,  as  its  President.  It  appeared  to  the 
Council  that  the  efficiency  of  the  county  and  local  Councils 
of  Defense  would  be  impaired  if  the  investigation  was  not  held 
and  a  finding  made  as  to  the  alleged  illegal  acts,  in  which 
representatives  of  the  Council  of  Defense  were  said  to  have 
participated;  consequently  the  State  Council  issued 
notice  of  a  hearing  to  be  held  in  July,  1918-  However,  inquiry 
of  the  Department  of  Justice  at  Washington,  D.  C,  disclosed 
that  the  Government  was  intending  to  make  a  complete  in- 
vestigation of  the  incident  and  the  State  Council  therefore 
concluded  not  to  hold  the  hearing.  At  the  instance  of  the 
Federal  Department  of  Justice,  indictments  were  found  against 
Mr.  Bouck  for  violation  of  the  Espionage  Act,  which  have  not 
as  yet,  however,  come  to  trial.  *  The  secret  service  of  the  state 
rendered  considerable  assistance  to  the  Federal  Government 
in  furnishing  material  which  they  had  collected  in  their  in 
vestigations  for  the  State.  The  State  Council  of  Defense, 
therefore,  withheld  all  action  on  its  part  in  order  not  to  inter- 
fere in  any  way  with  the  Federal  Government's  plans. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  was  frequently  urged  to 
go  on  record  as  favoring  or  opposing  the  candidacy  of  indi- 
viduals seeking  election  to  public  office,  but  consistently  re- 
fused to  do  so.     At  the  request  of  the  League  for  National 


•    On   December   21,    1918,    the   indictment   against   William    Bouck   was 
dismissed  at  the  request  and  upon  the  motion  of  the  Government. 

[61] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

Unity  the  State  Council  adopted  and  published  the  following 

''test  forloyalty'^ 

"That  candidate,  in  or  out  of  Congress,  or  that  citi- 
zen can  be  regarded  as  loyal  who  since  the  declara- 
tion of  war  has  by  word  and  act  unreservedly  sup- 
ported and  will  support  the  Government  in  the  vigor- 
ous prosecution  of  the  war  to  a  complete  and  decisive 
victory,  and  who  has  not  attempted  to  destroy  allied 
unity  and  effort  by  attacks  upon  nations  fighting 
with  us  against  a  common  enemy." 

Films  and  Publications. 

A  large  number  of  alleged  disloyal  pamphlets,  books  and 
moving  picture  films  were  carefully  investigated  by  the  State 
Council  of  Defense.  Through  the  very  able  assistance  of  John 
B.  Kaiser,  City  Librarian  of  Tacoma,  two  lists  of  books  and 
magazines  containing  false  or  disloyal  subject  matter  were 
prepared.  These  lists  were  printed  and  distributed  to  the 
librarians  of  the  state  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Hitt,  State  Librarian,  and 
the  libraries  requested  to  withdraw  them  from  circulation 
during  the  war. 

In  many  cases  the  exhibition  of  films  of  an  extreme 
"pacific"  nature  and  the  distribution  of  disloyal  pamphlets 
were  prevented  through  the  County  Councils  of  Defense- 


[62] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


PUBLICITY  AND  EDUCATION. 


k  Newspaper  Co-operation. 

Although  the  State  Council  of  Defense  aimed  to  con- 
struct the  machinery  of  the  County  and  Community  Councils 
of  Defense  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  possible  to  reach  every 
loyal  citizen  directly,  with  any  message  or  appeal  arising  in 
our  work,  naturally  the  press  of  the  state  offered  the  most 
effective  means  for  publicity.  And  the  press  of  the  state  re- 
sponded generously  and  cheerfully.  The  weekly  newspapers, 
the  dailies,  the  magazines  and  all  periodicals  published  in  the 
state  threw  open  their  columns  and  donated  outright  thousands 
upon  thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  space  and  paper  to  the 
work  of  the  Councils  of  Defense.  In  the  spring  and  early  sum- 
mer of  1918  eighty-one  newspapers  of  the  state  offered  the 
State  Council  of  Defense  a  contribution  of  sixty  inches  of  dis- 
play advertising  in  each  of  the  papers.  This  was  gladly  ac- 
cepted by  the  Council  and  through  it  Mr.  J.  G.  Kelly  furnished 
the  material  for  the  several  advertisements.  The  Daken- 
Horsely  Advertising  Company,  of  Seattle,  prepared  the  form 
of  the  advertising,  which  was  directed  chiefly  to  the  necessity 
for  all  loyal  citizens  lending  their  practical  support  to  meeting 
the  farm-labor  situation,  to  avoiding  waste  of  time  and  effort 
in  duplicating  work  already  under  way,  and  a  plea  for  in- 
creased food  production. 

Several  newspapers  of  the  state,  published  in  German,  at 
the  request  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  printed  patriotic 
articles  prepared  by  the  Committee  on  Public  Information. 

In  no  instance  that  has  come  to  our  notice  did  any  news- 
paper publish  matter  which  was  intended  as  confidential, 
though  on  numerous  occasions  items  of  considerable  interest 
as  news  matter  came  to  the  attention  of  various  papers.  In  a 
few  instances,  opportunities  for  real  "scoops"  were  cheer- 
fully ignored,  in  the  nation's  interest. 

j        Until  he  was  drafted  by  State  Fuel  Administrator  Whit- 
comb,  Prof.  Colin  V.  Dyment  was  of  great  assistance  to  the 

[63] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

State  Council  of  Defense  in  securing  newspaper  publicity. 
Soon  after  the  opening  of  the  University,  in  September,  1917, 
President  Suzzallo,  at  Mr-  Dyment's  suggestion,  designated 
the  University  News  Letter  as  the  publicity  organ  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense,  and  through  that  medium  a  great  deal  of 
valuable  newspaper  publicity  throughout  the  state  was  secur- 
ed. After  Mr.  Dyment's  departure  for  Washington,  D.  C,  to 
assist  in  the  fuel  administration  work,  the  University  News 
Letter  was  very  ably  conducted  by  Miss  Grace  Edgington,  and 
the  State  Council  is  under  great  obligation  to  Mr.  Dyment  and 
Miss  Edgington  for  the  very  efficient  co-operation  rendered. 

Publicity  to  National  Requests. 

During  the  whole  period  of  the  war,  the  State  and  County 
Councils  of  Defense  rendered  every  assistance  possible  to  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  the  War,  Navy  and  other  de- 
partments of  the  Federal  Government  in  securing  publicity 
whenever  called  for.  This  publicity  was  not  confined  to 
securing  local  newspaper  notices,  though  a  very  important 
work  was  done  through  the  co-operation  of  the  press.  Th( 
wide  membership  of  the  Local  Councils  of  Defense  enabled 
the  County  Councils  of  Defense  in  many  parts  of  the  state  to 
reach  practically  every  patriotic  citizen  with  an  official  mes- 
sage, without  relying  on  newspaper  publicity.  The  Minute 
Women  were  of  particular  value  in  this  line  of  work. 

Among  the  subjects  given  publicity  through  the  State  and 
County  Councils  of  Defense  were  the  following: 

Eesolution  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  discourag- 
ing the  sending  of  food  to  the  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  camps 
and  cantonments; 

Posted  several  hundred  copies  of  a  large  poster  appealing 
to  the  public  to  donate  or  loan  binoculars,  spy-glasses  or  tele-| 
scopes  to  the  Navy; 

Display  of  the  "Prussian  Blot''  posters  in  railroad  sU 
tions,  store  windows  and  other  public  places,  showing  Gei 
many's  '^Mittel  Europa"  ambition. 

At  various  times  the  County  Councils  were  asked  t< 
assist  the  Red  Cross  in  securing  publicity  to  features  of  th( 

[64] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

official  work  which  required  a  wider  knowledge  among  the 
families  of  soldiers  and  sailors.  In  August,  1918,  various 
changes  in  the  law  and  administration  of  allotments  and 
allowances  were  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  County  Coun- 
cils, in  order  to  prevent  undue  anxiety  on  the  part  of  soldiers 
and  their  families  arising  through  delay.  The  facilities  of  the 
Red  Cross  Home  Service  Section  in  explaining  the  provisions 
of  the  law,  in  securing  delayed  remittances  and  in  assisting 
the  Government  by  reducing  correspondence  were  carefully 
explained. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  National  and  State  Councils  of 
Defense  many  of  the  County  Councils  and  Local  Councils  took 
an  active  part  in  the  celebrations  held  on  July  4th,  1918,  by  the 
loyal  foreign-bom  citizens  of  the  state-  Special  emphasis  was 
laid  upon  the  control  and  management  of  the  celebration  by 
the  foreign-born. 

Miscellaneous  Publicity. 

Distributing  a  large  number  of  pamphlets  issued  by  the 
"War  and  Navy  Departments'  Commission  on  Training  Camp 
Activities  explaining  their  work  and  aiming  to  assist  the  sol- 
diers and  their  families  to  understand  the  care  being  exercised 
by  the  Government  to  make  life  at  the  training  camps  clean 
and  wholesome;  co-operating  with  the  Red  Cross  in  securing 
publicity  to  the  need  of  the  gas  defense  division  of  the  chem- 
ical warfare  service  of  nut  shells  and  certain  fruit  pits  and 
seeds  with  which  to  manufacture  the  carbon  used  in  gas 
masks. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  communicated  with  the  edi- 
tors of  periodicals  published  in  German  in  this  state  and  se- 
cured the  publication  of  various  patriotic  articles  furnished 
by  the  Committee  on  Public  Information.  A  very  large  num- 
ber of  copies  of  ** American  Loyalty*'  printed  in  the  German 
language  were  mailed  to  persons  of  German  birth  residing  in 
the  state.  This  pamphlet  was  written  by  American  citizens  of 
German  extraction  and  published  by  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information. 

From  time  to  time  the  Committee  on  Public  Information 
sent  speakers  to  the  state  to  present  various  messages  in  con- 

—5  [  65  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

nection  with  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  The  itinerary  of  many 
of  these  speakers  was  arranged  by  the  State  Council  through 
the  County  Councils  of  Defense. 

The  Spokane  County  Council  had  found  H.  J.  Hibschman 
and  Professor  Schlauch  to  be  very  valuable  speakers  in  com- 
munities having  a  large  German  population  and  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  was  glad  to  offer  the  services  of  these  men 
to  the  various  County  Councils  of  Defense.  Mr.  Hibschman, 
of  German  extraction,  spoke  in  English,  and  Professor 
Schlauch  either  in  German  or  English. 

Four  Minute  Men. 

Appreciating  the  valuable  service  which  might  be  render-, 
ed  to  the  Government  through  the  co-operation  of  a  large 
number  of  trained  speakers  in  the  theaters,  the  State  Council, 
in  July,  1917,  called  on  each  County  Council  to  select  a  county 
chairman  for  the  Four  Minute  Men.  The  work  was  followed 
up  steadily  and  later  on  the  executive  secretary,  M.  P.  Good- 
ner,  was  appointed  State  Director  of  this  work-  At  the  time 
of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  the  Four  Minute  Men  were 
organized  in  three  hundred  twenty  towns  in  the  state.  In  a 
town  where  there  was  no  moving  picture  theater  a  ''special" 
local  chairman  was  appointed,  who  took  charge  of  opportuni- 
ties to  address  ready-made  audiences  on  the  topics  covered 
by  the  bulletins  issued  through  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information.  During  the  Third  Liberty  Loan  campaign  the 
Four  Minute  Men  in  the  state  of  Washington  reached  more 
people  with  their  messages  than  in  any  other  state  in  the 
Union  with  the  exception  of  New  York. 

During  the  fall  of  1917  the  State  Council  of  Defense  pro- 
cured the  names  of  small  groups  of  loyal  citizens  residing  in 
those  sections  of  the  state  in  which  there  had  been  labor  trou- 
bles fomented  by  disloyal  organizations  and  personal  letters 
were  written  to  each  of  these  persons,  asking  them  in  turn  to 
forward  additional  lists  of  friends  and  acquaintances  whose 
patriotism  could  not  be  questioned  and  who  could  be  relied 
upon  to  assist  the  State  Council  in  giving  publicity  to  the  real 
issues  involved  in  the  war  itself.    At  regular  intervals  the  lit- 

[66] 


i 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

erature  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information  was  sent  to 
each  of  these  persons,  from  the  Olympia  office. 

Using  the  postal  frank  allowed  him  as  State  Director  of 
the  Four  Minute  Men,  the  Executive  Secretary  was  able  in 
this  way  to  distribute  thousands  of  patriotic  booklets  into  the 
sections  of  the  state  where  at  first  there  was  danger  of  a  pro- 
German  element  impeding  various  phases  of  war  work.  Hun- 
dreds of  these  booklets  went  into  the  lumber  camps  and 
logging  districts  and  the  co-operation  on  the  part  of  those  who 
agreed  to  read  and  give  publicity  to  them  resulted  in  a  great 
deal  of  good. 

Education. 

In  co-operation  with  Mrs.  Josephine  Corliss  Preston,  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  asked  the  local  school  authorities  to  exert  a  special 
effort  to  enable  boys  working  in  the  fields,  and  particularly  in 
box  factories  producing  fruit  box  shooks  to  continue  their  work 
and  at  the  same  time  keep  up  their  studies,  by  night  classes  or 
otherwise.  The  State  Council  of  Defense,  throughout  the  war 
period,  very  strongly  favored  the  upholding  of  the  standards 
of  education,  child  labor  and  employment  of  women.  Students 
in  schools  and  colleges  were  consistently  urged  to  continue 
their  education,  except  where  it  was  absolutely  necessary  for 
them  to  take  up  employment  in  vital  industries  facing  a  short- 
age of  labor. 

In  January,  1918,  at  the  request  of  Mrs.  Preston,  the  State 
Council  gave  very  careful  consideration  to  the  request  which 
had  been  made  in  many  parts  of  the  state  that  school  be  held 
on  Saturday  so  as  to  allow  of  an  earlier  closing  and  later 
opening  of  school  in  1918.  The  State  Council  voted  unani- 
mously that  school  should  not  be  held  on  Saturday  but  that 
the  school  authorities  in  each  district  should  fix  the  closing 
and  opening  dates  for  the  school  year,  with  special  reference 
to  local  climatic  conditions,  character  of  farming  operations, 
early  or  late  season  for  fruit,  etc.  Great  pressure  was  brought 
from  time  to  time  in  efforts  to  secure  relaxation  of  regula- 
tions protecting  children.  The  members  of  the  Council  have  al- 
ways approved  firmly  the  principle  early  announced  by  A.  L. 

[67] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Rogers,  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  farm  labor.  Mr. 
Rogers  had  consistently  maintained  that  the  potential  labor 
power  of  any  community,  and  principally  in  an  agricultural 
district,  is  many  times  the  labor  power  normally  exerted,  and 
that  a  war  emergency  could  grow  most  acute  before  the  aver- 
age community  was  unable  to  carry  on  its  normal  work  by 
simply  drawing  on  those  unused  reservoirs.  The  experience  of 
the  state  of  Washington  during  the  past  eighteen  months  cer- 
tainly proves  the  truth  of  this  principle. 

Miscellaneous  Activities 

As  one  member  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  whim- 
sically remarked,  some  of  the  most  important  work  done  by 
the  Council  was  in  keeping  its  hands  off  a  multitude  of  sub- 
jects which  it  was  urged  to  handle.  Many  hours  were  spent 
by  the  members  and  executive  officers  in  conference  on  var- 
ious topics  on  which  no  action  was  taken  or  public  statement 
issued.  These  ranged  from  the  importunities  of  inventors  of 
flying  machines  to  have  their  expenses  paid  to  Washington, 
D.  C,  to  petitions  for  the  State  Council's  recommendation  of 
proposed  legislation  having  no  possible  bearing  on  the  win- 
ning of  the  war.  The  number  and  persistence  of  persons 
pressing  the  State  Council  for  action  on  subjects  of  this  kind 
was  almost  unbelievable. 


The  following  will  give  a  fair  indication  of  the  subjects 

of  minor  importance  on  which  the  State  Council  of  Defense 

was  able  to  render  more  or  less  assistance : 

Assisting  citizens  in  securing  information  regarding  employ- 
ment in  Federal  Departments,  or  contracts  with  the  Gov- 
ernment and  War  Department  for  supplies  at  Camp  Lewis ; 

Securing  reports  on  families  of  soldiers  claiming  allowances, 
reports  on  soldiers  absent  without  leave,  investigating  re- 
ports of  alleged  "slackers"  or  men  fraudulently  claiming 
•    exemption  ; 

Assisting  the  Government  in  locating  supplies  of  various  raw 
materials  reported  in  the  state ; 


i 


[68] 


i 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Investigating  alleged  instances  where  powdered  glass  or  other 
injurious  substances  were  found  in  food  products ; 

Investigating  alleged  profiteering  in  wool  yarn,  (prior  to  the 
taking  over  of  the  wool  supply  by  the  Government) ; 

Following  up  reported  instances  of  attempts  to  discourage 
employees  from  purchasing  Liberty  Bonds; 

Tracing  down  false  rumors  regarding  Red  Cross  activities ; 

Discouraging  the  extension  into  this  state  of  organizations 
whose  purposes  would  obviously  duplicate  or  conflict  with 
patriotic  work  already  progressing; 

Warning  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  and  local  authorities 
generally  against  men  fraudulently  claiming  to  be  return- 
ed soldiers  and  giving  lectures  or  entertainments ; 

Assisting  concerns  engaged  in  manufacturing  or  storing  food 
products  to  secure  connection  with  electric  power  lines; 

Assisting  in  securing  priority  permits  for  purchase  of  wire 
cable  and  other  supplies  needed  in  operating  lumber 
camps,  box-factories  and  irrigation  projects; 

Securing  public  speakers  for  local  meetings  for  Liberty 
Loans  or  other  patriotic  purposes. 


[69] 


Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


SPECIAL  REPORT 

TO 

Council  of  National  Defense 


APPENDIX 

Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Special  Report 

To 

Council  of  National  Defense 


Covering  the  Handling  of  the  Illegal  Phases  of  the  Labor  Situ- 
ation During  the  Summer  and  Early  Fall  of  1917 
(Prepared  late  in  1917.) 

The  problems  presented  to  the  Washington  State  Council 
of  Defense  by  industrial  and  farm  labor  difficulties  have  been 
of  so  varied  a  nature  that  every  step  in  the  work  of  the  Coun- 
cil has  necessitated  a  consideration  of  a  multitude  of  factors 
and  the  adoption  of  a  policy  entirely  independent  from  any 
precedents.  Simultaneously,  almost,  with  the  appointment  of 
the  Council  of  Defense  by  Governor  Lister,  and  beginning  with 
the  first  meeting  of  the  Council,  held  on  June  25th,  came 
alarming  reports  from  various  sections  of  the  State — reports 
of  roaming  bands  of  I.  W.  W.'s  seemingly  well  supplied  with 
money,  and  of  numerous  threats  that  warehouses  and  grain 
fields  would  be  destroyed  by  fire,  if  their  unreasonable  de- 
mands were  not  met,  also  reports  of  large  numbers  of  men 
riding  on  railroads  without  the  payment  of  fare,  in  many 
instances  with  the  full  consent  of  the  train  crews,  and  rumors 
of  threatened  sabotage,  the  blasting  and  destruction  of  fruit 
trees,  the  dynamiting  of  reservoirs  used  for  the  storage  of 
water  for  irrigation  projects  and  other  outrages  of  almost 
every  description- 

The  first  two  meetings  of  the  Council  were  given  over 
almost  entirely  to  receiving  and  hearing  from  delegations  of 
citizens  from  various  parts  of  the  State,  insisting  that  the 
Council  and  the  Governor  extend  to  their  communities  the 
protection  of  courts,  the  National  Guard  and  Federal  troops. 
Although  the  greater  part  of  the  demands  were  doubtless  due 

[73] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Cotmcil  of  Defense 

to  one  of  those  psychological  waves  of  hysteria  which  occa- 
sionally sweep  across  a  community  or  a  county,  or  a  state,  the 
mere  fact  that  such  a  feeling  was  prevalent  was  a  direct 
encouragement  to  the  agitators  and  the  few  disloyal  men  in 
the  districts  who,  for  one  reason  or  another,  were  making 
threats  as  above  stated. 

With  this  condition  existing  the  Council  recognized  the 
necessity  for  immediate  action;  first,  to  bring  about  a  state- 
wide movement  which  would  quiet  the  fears  of  the  public  and 
discourage  the  careless  or  disloyal  speech  of  irresponsible  peo- 
ple, and  second,  to  search  out  and  take  into  custody  the  ring- 
leaders of  the  group  who  were  actually  responsible  for  the 
threats  and  appeared  to  be  planning  to  commit  violence  and 
to  continue  the  campaign  of  unrest  and  sedition.  A  committee 
of  the  Council  was  immediately  appointed  for  the  purpose  of 
making  an  extended  investigation.  Witnesses  from  every  class 
of  workers  were  interviewed,  under  oath;  testimony  of  mem- 
bers of  the  I.  W.  W.  organizers  was  taken,  their  literature 
studied  and  their  methods  and  aims  fully  digested. 

From  the  beginning  Governor  Lister  was  in  close  and  con- 
stant touch  with  the  situation  and  at  all  times  worked  with 
and  assisted  the  State  Council  of  Defense  in  its  investigations. 
Tremendous  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  the  Governor 
and  the  Council  to  obtain  large  numbers  of  Federal  troops  to 
be  scattered  generally  over  the  state ;  in  some  instances  to  de- 
clare a  state  of  insurrection,  if  not  martial  law.  It  was  decid- 
ed by  the  Governor  and  the  Council  that  in  all  instances  an 
investigation  of  conditions  existing  should  be  made  by  the 
Council  of  Defense,  the  Governor  or  representatives  appointed 
for  this  purpose  before  deciding  upon  the  action  to  be  taken. 
As  a  result  of  the  investigations  made.  Federal  troops  were 
requested,  by  the  Council  of  Defense  and  the  Governor  in  but 
four  towns,  where  the  danger  of  actual  violence  seemed  im- 
minent. In  these  places  the  mere  presence  of  the  Federal 
troops  in  uniform  did  much  to  remedy  the  situation  and  when 
this  was  followed  by  numerous  arrests  of  the  I.  W.  W.  's,  who 
were  threatening  the  destruction  of  property  and  other  forms 
of  violence,  the  crisis  was  passed-     Subsequently  there  were 

[74] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 

various  frantic  calls  for  troops  from  different  parts  of  the 
State,  in  which  the  conditions  appeared  to  be  most  serious. 
Each  call  was  carefully,  thoroughly  and  quietly  investigated 
by  the  Governor,  through  the  State  Secret  Service  and  by  a 
special  deputy  of  the  Attorney  General  appointed  for  this 
purpose,  or  by  some  member  or  members  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense,  or  other  State  officials  called  in  for  the  special 
work,  and  in  the  great  majority  of  instances,  it  was  found  that 
the  situation  could  be  properly  controlled  without  the  use  of 
troops. 

A  typical  case  was  found  at  Raymond,  in  Pacific  County, 
where  there  was  a  complete  tie-up  of  the  lumber  mills.  The 
strikers  were  picketing  the  mills  constantly;  there  is  no  stat- 
ute which  prohibits  this,  although  our  Supreme  Court  has  held 
that  it  is  illegal  and  that  injunction  is  properly  issued  to  pro- 
hibit pickets  from  patrolling  in  front  of  any  plant  or  place 
of  business.  A  suit  for  injunction  was  pending  in  this  case.  A 
line  of  strikers  and  sympathizers,  numbering  many  men,  form- 
ed every  morning  and  evening  in  the  street  leading  to  the  mill 
which  was  attempting  to  run  with  men  other  than  those  out 
on  strike.  On  one  occasion  workmen  were  leaving  for  the  day 
and  in  passing  through  the  crowd  epithets  and  cries  of  ' '  scab ' ' 
were  heard,  but  the  only  violence  was  the  act  of  one  of  the 
workmen  who  kicked  a  striker.  This  was  in  the  heart  of  the 
district  from  which  one  of  the  strongest  demands  for  troops 
was  received.  No  troops  have  been  placed  at  this  point  and 
there  has  been  no  more  serious  trouble  than  that  above  stated. 

The  climax  of  the  situation  came  on  the  13th  day  of 
August,  when  James  Rowan,  Secretary  of  the  I.  W.  W.  organ- 
ization in  Spokane,  telegraphed  to  Governor  Lister  stating 
that  unless  all  of  the  I.  W-  W.  prisoners  held  by  Federal 
authorities  were  released  from  custody  there  would  be  a  com- 
plete tie-up  of  the  entire  agricultural  section  of  the  state  on 
the  20th  day  of  August.  It  is  understood  that  the  same  kind 
of  a  telegram  was  forwarded  to  the  Governors  of  three  other 
northwestern  states.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  Rowan 
telegram : 

''Have  been  instructed  to  inform  you  that  it  has 
been  decided  by  overwhelming  majority  of  men  on 

[75] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

job  to  call  general  strike  in  harvest  fields,  fruit  or- 
chards and  on  all  construction  work  in  Northwest  if 
all  I.  W.  W.  prisoners  are  not  released  before  August 
20th/ » 

Immediately  upon  receiving  the  telegram  the  Governor 
took  the  matter  up  with  the  State  Council  of  Defense  and  the 
Council  telegraphed  the  Chairman  of  each  County  Council  in 
the  agricultural  section  of  the  State,  requesting  him  to  imme- 
diately do  everything  possible  to  spread  a  patriotic  feeling 
among  the  workers  in  the  harvest  fields  to  offset  the  disloyal 
talk  of  the  I.  W.  W.  and  to  appeal  to  the  men  to  remain  at 
work.  On  Sunday  afternoon,  August  19th,  Rowan  and  a  num- 
ber of  other  I.  W.  W/s  were  quietly  placed  under  arrest  by 
Federal  troops.  He  had  been  allowed  the  whole  period  of 
time  in  which  to  perfect  his  plans  and  to  bring  about  the 
threatened  strike.  By  Monday  evening  telegraphic  reports 
from  the  counties  had  been  received,  indicating  that  practical- 
ly no  workmen  had  refused  to  continue  their  work  and  show- 
ing the  '* strike''  to  be  an  utter  failure-  The  arrest  of  Rowan 
and  other  I.  W.  W.  's,  on  the  Sunday  afternoon  brought  about 
cessation  of  threatening  talk  on  the  part  of  the  I.  W.  W.'s 
and  since  that  time  there  has  been  no  trouble  whatever  in  the 
grain  districts  of  the  state. 

In  addition  to  the  work  done  by  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  and  the  County  Councils  to  bring  about  a  continuance 
of  activities  in  the  farming  districts,  the  State  Department  of 
Agriculture,  and  the  State  College  at  Pullman  placed  in  the 
field  just  as  many  of  their  forces  as  possible  to  assist  in  this 
work  and  did  much  to  properly  control  the  situation. 

The  strike  in  the  lumber  industry  is  supposedly  a  failure. 
At  the  present  time  (late  fall,  1917),  the  logging  camps  are 
operating  to  about  50%  capacity  and  sawmills  to  probably 
60%  or  65%  capacity,  most  of  them  operating  on  the  ten-hour 
basis.  A  few  of  the  mills  are  running  on  an  eight-hour  basis ; 
by  far  the  greater  proportion  now  in  operation  continue  on  a 
ten-hour  basis.  It  is  generally  understood,  however,  that  in 
most  instances  the  workmen  are  not  rendering  efficient  ser- 
vice, apparently  figuring  that  they  will  do  about  eight  hours' 
work  in  ten  hours.    In  a  number  of  instances  the  workers  re- 

[76] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

main  but  a  few  days  on  a  job  and  then  quit.  The  prolonged 
strike  in  the  lumber  industry  has  also  resulted  in  many  of 
those  formerly  engaged  in  this  line  having  obtained  employ- 
ment in  other  lines,  so  that  there  is  not  available,  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  even  though  all  were  willing  to  return  to  work  on  a 
ten-hour  day  basis,  men  to  operate  the  mills  and  logging  camps 
at  normal  capacity.  We  will  go  on  record  now  as  saying  that 
we  do  not  feel  that  the  eight-hour  day  controversy  is  settled. 
As  this  report  is  intended  to  be  confined  solely  to  the  handling 
of  disloyal  or  illegal  phases  of  the  labor  situation,  we  will  not 
attempt  herein  to  give  a  detailed  report  on  the  merits  of 
the  eight-hour  day  demanded  by  the  employees.  We  may  say, 
however,  that  in  the  lumber  industry  in  the  Northwest  there 
is  gradually  coming  about  a  unionization  of  those  engaged  in 
it  and  the  effect  of  the  war  has  certainly  been  to  further  en- 
courage the  union  movement-  Bitter  feeling,  resulting  in  ex- 
tensive and  expensive  strikes  may  be  expected  throughout  this 
section  in  the  future,  if  the  operators  continue  in  their  present 
attitude  of  absolute  and  unyielding  opposition  to  all  demands 
for  a  shorter  day.  Their  comment  that  they  are  willing  to  pay 
higher  wages  does  not  meet  the  workman's  fundamental 
demand  of  the  eight-hour  day  and  while  considerations  of 
patriotism  and  the  necessity  of  the  moment  may  induce  the 
men  to  abandon  their  strikes  temporarily,  the  vital  question 
is  still  unanswered. 

We  may  add,  in  connection  with  the  labor  situation,  that 
a  convention  of  the  Prosecuting  Attorneys  of  thirty  out  of  the 
thirty-nine  Counties  of  the  State,  was  held  in  Seattle  in  July. 
Reports  from  these  officials  as  to  conditions  prevailing  in 
their  respective  counties  and  discussions  as  to  the  sufficiency 
of  existing  statutes  to  properly  control  these  various  situa- 
tions were  made.  This  convention  was  attended  by  the  Chair- 
man of  the  State  Public  Service  Commission,  who  has  been 
spending  a  part  of  his  time  during  the  past  few  months  assist- 
ing in  connection  with  the  labor  problems  presented,  the 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Home  Defense,  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense,  and  the  special  Assistant  Attorney  Gen- 
eral appointed  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  Council  of  De- 

[77] 


Report  of  Washjington  State  Council  of  Defense 

fense  and  the  Governor  in  handling  labor  problems.  Dr.  Henry 
Suzzallo,  Chairman  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  addressed 
the  prosecuting  attorneys  on  law  enforcement  and  the  work 
being  done  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  in  connection 
with  it. 

It  became  apparent  during  the  convention  that  while 
there  were  perhaps  sufficient  statutory  provisions  to  reach 
most  of  these  cases  of  lawlessness  and  threatened  lawlessness, 
the  enforcement  of  these  provisions  would  be  left  ultimately 
to  local  juries  and  in  many  of  the  Counties  the  juries  might 
be  inclined  to  not  enforce  the  laws  to  the  degree  necessary 
during  such  a  crisis  as  is  now  facing  our  country.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  in  the  congested  districts  of  the  towns  and  cities. 

One  of  the  chief  difficulties  found  also  was  that  the 
County  authorities  seemed  to  regard  the  matter  as  being  di- 
rected so  publicly  against  the  Nation  and  its  war  work,  that 
it  was  a  matter  for  the  Federal  or  for  the  state  officials  to 
handle  and  not  for  the  County,  and  we  believe  that  in  a  large 
measure  this  accounts  for  the  want  of  proper  sentiment  on  the 
part  of  local  juries.  While  these  men  sitting  in  a  County 
Court  trying  these  offenders  under  a  state  or  local  law,  might 
by  reason  of  class  sympathy  fail  to  convict,  in  the  face  of  the 
facts  shown,  the  same  men  sitting  as  jurors  in  the  Federal 
Court  trying  the  same  offenders  under  federal  laws  defining 
crimes  against  the  nation  at  war,  would,  on  the  same  facts, 
convict.  Our  view  is  that  this  condition  does  not  indicate 
inefficiency  on  the  part  of  local  officials,  but  rather  a  matter 
of  the  point  of  view  from  which  the  public  is  made  to  look 
upon  the  offenses;  hence,  the  necessity,  in  our  judgment,  of 
the  treatment  of  this  I.  W.  W.  situation  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. 

To  sum  the  situation  so  far  as  the  I.  W-  W.  and  other  dis- 
loyal organizations  are  concerned,  we  make  the  following  com- 
ments :  First,  such  organizations  appear  to  thrive  on  publicity. 
Quiet,  determined  and  discriminating  action,  accompanied  by 
a  general  feeling  that  the  whole  machinery  of  the  state  and 
national  government  is  ready,  if  necessary,  to  handle  the  sit- 


[78] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

nation,  is  the  most  effective  method  that  can  be  adopted  in 
the  bringing  about  of  a  proper  control. 

Second,  the  Federal  authorities,  with  the  same  represen- 
tatives and  exactly  the  same  methods,  but  working  as  a  Fed- 
eral force,  can  attain  results  with  less  effort  than  the  state. 
For  instance.  Federal  troops  are  a  stronger  force  in  handling 
a  situation  such  as  may  arise  from  I.  W.  W.  agitation  and 
threats  than  would  be  State  troops,  for  the  same  reason  that 
State  troops  can  better  control  a  situation  in  a  district  than 
can  a  force  of  deputy  sheriffs. 

Third,  a  very  slight  show  of  military  authority,  backed 
up  with  uniformed  and  armed  troops,  has  proved  to  be  very 
efficient  in  controlling  situations  in  this  state.  A  small  squad 
of  troops,  working  under  specific  orders  and  to  some  definite 
purpose  will  immediately  bring  about  a  general  exodus  of 
I.  W.  W.'s  from  centers  where  troops  are  stationed. 

Fourth,  in  instances  where  troops  are  not  advisable,  a 
small  group  of  determined  men,  either  deputized  by  the  sher- 
iff or  acting  independently  in  guarding  their  own  property, 
can  in  most  instances  prevent  the  I.  W.  W.'s  from  going  fur- 
ther than  the  uttering  of  threats- 
Fifth,  in  the  agricultural  districts  of  our  state  there  has 
been  stronger  disposition  this  year  than  ever  before,  on  the 
part  of  the  farmers,  to  organize  for  their  protection.  Hereto- 
fore every  farmer  worked  singly,  feeling  that  his  responsibil- 
ity ceased  with  the  protection  of  his  own  property.  This  year 
they  have  realized  that  a  better  degree  of  protection  could  be 
obtained  by  thorough  organization,  and  this  course  of  action 
on  the  part  of  the  farmers  has  been  of  material  assistance  in 
properly  controlling  conditions  and  avoiding  trouble  in  many 
districts  where  it  might  have  occurred  had  there  been  no  such 
organization. 

Sixth.  The  I.  "W.  W.  organization  is  made  up  of  as  mis- 
cellaneous an  assortment  of  individuals  as  it  is  possible  to  find. 
Most  of  its  members  are  men  who  feel  vaguely  that  they  are 
abused,  and  that  in  union  there  is  strength.  Most  of  these 
men  do  not  know  or  care  what  the  specific  objects  of  the  or- 

[79] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

ganization  are.  They  feel  that  in  some  way  membership  will 
bring  them  easier  hours  or  more  comfort  or  greater  financial 
returns  for  their  labor.  The  average  member  is,  at  heart,  no 
more  nor  no  less  patriotic  than  the  average  run  of  our  citizen- 
ship. Consequently  the  average  member  is  not  prepared  to 
fight  or  die  or  suffer  for  his  principles.  He  will  join  forces, 
or  by  threats  or  boycotts  will  endeavor,  with  his  associates,  to 
bring  about  conditions  he  believes  ought  to  exist,  but  he  will 
not  meet  armed  resistance  nor  even  face  a  small  group  of  de- 
termined men  without  arms,  simply  because  he  is  not  in  reality 
fighting  for  a  clear-cut  principle.  These  men,  however,  are 
following  false  leadership.  Their  leaders  and  agitators  are 
constantly  endeavoring  to  have  them  perform  acts  directly 
opposed  to  the  principles  of  our  government.  The  need  of  the 
hour  is  the  bringing  about  of  a  condition  that  will  make  pos- 
sible the  proper  handling  of  these  leaders,  so  that  the  large 
part  of  their  followers  will  be  alienated  from  such  leadership- 
We  believe  that  if  the  prosecutions  now  undertaken  by 
the  Federal  government  in  Chicago  are  successful  in  the  main, 
the  danger  from  the  I.  W.  W.'s  will  be  over;  but  if  these  pros- 
ecutions are  not  successful,  the  problem  will  be  in  the  future 
an  even  more  difficult  one  to  cope  with  than  in  the  past. 


C80] 


County  Councils  of  Defense 


OF  THE 


STATE  OF  WASHINGTON 


COUNTY  COUNCILS  OF  DEFENSE 


t 


ADAMS   COUNTY. 

J.  L.  Cross,  Chairman  Ritzville 

J.  C.  Hauschild,  Secretary Ritzville 

V.  A.  Chargois Ritzville 

L.  L.  Bassett Washtucna 

L.  C.  Crossland Hatton 

John  Dirstine   Lind 

H.  M.  Boone  Cunningham 

A.  O.  Lee Othello 

P.  R.  Clark 

W.  O.  Miller 

C.  H.  Spalding Ritzville 

ASOTIN  COUNTY. 

Elmer  E.  Halsey,  Chairman  Clarkston 

R.  E.  Westervelt,  Secretary  Clarkston 

R.  E.  Foster   Clarkston 

W.  O.  Bond Clarkston 

Mrs,  Frank  Morrison   Clarkston 

W.  B.  Howard  Clarkston 

Chas.  S.  Florence   Asotin 

J.  B.   Jones    Asotin 

Ed.  Dowmen   Asotin 

Mrs.  George  A.  Day  Clarkston 

F.  M.  Halsey  Asotin 

Homer  L.  Post  ; Asotin 

BENTON  COUNTY. 

Bert  Linn,  Chairman Prosser 

W.  S.  Jenkins,  Secretary  Prosser 

J.  F.  Sears    Prosser 

U.  S.  Case  Prosser 

L.  E.  Johnson  Prosser 

F.  J.  O'Brien  Richland 

E.  J.  O'Leary  t White  Bluffs 

Manley  B.  Haynes   Hanford 

H.  S.  Hughes  Finley 

C.  E.  DeBow  Prosser 

Geo.  McCullough   Patterson 

Wm.  Pearson   Patterson 

A.  E.  Whan Benton  City 

[83] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


CHELAN  COUNTY. 

John  A.  Gellatly,  President  Wenatchee 

W.  O.  Parr,  President  Wenatchee 

Fred  M.  Crollard,  Secretary Wenatchee 

J.  H.  Dengel  Wenatchee 

A.  H.  Sylvester   Leavenworth 

O.  B.  Shay   Wenatchee 

H.  J.  Olive  Cashmere 

O.  A.  Hoag Chelan 

H.  N.  May   Wenatchee 

Mrs.  Guy  C.  Browne   Wenatchee 

Rufus  Woods   Wenatchee 

Dr.  F.  E.  Culp  Wenatchee 

W.  O.  Dow   Wenatchee 

Fred  Kemp   Wenatchee 

Chas.  T.  White   Wenatchee 

Sam  R.  Sumner  Wenatchee 

Wellington  Pegg   Wenatchee 

Deed  H.  Mayer Leavenworth 

A.  H.  Mohler  Cashmere 

Rev.  Atkinson  Entiat 

Louis  J.  Crollard  Wenatchee 

Chas.  R.  Sargent  Chelan 

A.  G.  Morey Wenatchee 

N.  A.  Pearson  Wenatchee 

T.  L.  Ross  Wenatchee 

C.  E.  Stohl  Wenatchee 

John  Walsh  Wenatchee 

M.  W.  Starks  Leavenworth 

H.  H.  Kelly  Leavenworth 

F.  A.  Wingate  Leavenworth 

J.  A.  Wilson  Leavenworth 

J.  F.  Casebeer Cashmere 

Mrs.  Geo.  C.  Faskin Cashmere 

C.  E.  Long Cashmere 

CLALLAM  COUNTY. 

T.  F.  Trumbull,  Chairman  Port  Angeles 

Mrs.  Andrew  Severyns,  Secretary  Port  Angeles 

Mrs.  W.  J.  Ware Port  Angeles 

S.  C.  Rose Port  Angeles 

E.  E.  Nichols   Port  Angeles 

C.  E.  Stakemiller Port  Angeles 

Dr.  D.  E.  McGillivray Port  Angeles 

[84] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

E.  F.  Gierin  Sequim 

C.  F.  Seal  Dungeness 

T.  F.  Rixon  Beaver 

F.  Clarke Forks 

CLARKE   COUNTY. 

A.  Burnham,  Chairman Vancouver 

A.  L.  Miller,  Secretary  Vancouver 

W.  E.  Carter  Vancouver 

W.  B.  DuBois    Vancouver 

Judge    McMaster    Vancouver 

W.  G.  Drowley   Vancouver 

A,  W.  Calder  Vancouver 

J.  L.   Sutherland    Vancouver 

E.  E.  Beard  Vancouver 

Wm.  C.  Bates   Vancouver 

F.  W.  Temples   Vancouver 

J.  D.  Currie  Camas 

Milton  Burnett    

G.  R.  Percival  Vancouver 

Robert  Brady Vancouver 

W.  M.  Hodgkin   Vancouver 

Geo.  B.   Simpson    Vancouver 

Mrs.  A.  L.  Miller  Vancouver 

J.  A.  Munday   Vancouver 

J.  W.  Shaw  Vancouver 

Lloyd   DuBois    Vancouver 

P.  J,  Kirwin  Vancouver 

C.  W.  Davis Vancouver 

COLUMBIA  COUNTY. 

H.  H.  Hadley,  Chairman  Dayton 

W.  C.  Godard,  Secretary Dayton 

J.  J.  Edwards   Dayton 

A.  P.  Cahill   Dayton 

Geo.  Jackson  Dayton 

H.  E.  Barr   Dayton 

W,  W.  Day  Dayton 

J.  C.  Weatherford Dayton 

Wm.  T.  Wooten   Dayton 

J.  L.  Wallace    Dayton 

Clark  Israel   Dayton 

Geo.  Thompson  Dayton 

Reed  Jonas   Dayton 

[  85  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

C.  F.  Miller Dayton 

Geo.   Spalinger    Dayton 

Ben  Turner  Turner 

A.  A.  Callender  Dayton 

J.  L.  Dumas  Dayton 

John  Brining   Dayton 

R.  R.  Cahill Dayton 

Leon  B.   Kenworthy    Dayton 

Roy  Dyer  Dayton 

John  Dawson   Dayton 

Wm.  Robinson  Dayton 

C.  R.  Rogg Dayton 

John  Carr Dayton 

Lee  Lindley   Dayton 

Geo.    Price    Dayton 

E.  A.  Holman   Dayton 

Fred  Smith  Dayton 

Wm.  Chandler Dayton 

Homer  Price Dayton 

E.  E.  Gowan   Pomeroy 

D.  L.  Lewis   Dayton 

Robt.   Sturdevant    Dayton 

Nick  Longen Dayton 

W.  W.  Ward Dayton 

Harve    Harris    Dayton 

Tom  Reed  Dayton 

Walter  Dunning Dayton 

Remmie  DeRuwe   Dayton 

Len   Jackson    Dayton 

Burt  Delaney  Dayton 

Cornelius   Lyman Dayton 

J.  T.  Allen   Dayton 

Geo.  F.  Williams  Dayton 

Jack   Hamilton    Dayton 

John  Hubbard   Dayton 

J.  M.  Lewis    Dayton 

Jessie   Cahill    Dayton 

Geo.   Barnhart    Starbuck 

E.  J.  Culp   Huntsville 

COWLITZ  COUNTY. 

L.  N.  Plamondon,  Chairman Woodland 

F.  L.  Stewart,  Secretary   Kelso 

L.  S.  Keyes    Kelso 

G.  L.  Buland Castle  Rock 

[86] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Rev.  A.  W.  Bond  Woodland 

H.  V.  Vaughan  Kalama 

C.  C.  Ruckles   Kalama 

Lowell  Young   Kelso 

Dan    Campbell Kelso 

J.   R.   Catlin    Kelso 

F.  L.  Barber  Carrolls 

Lucia  Jenkins   » Kalama 

Clark   Studebaker    Kalama 

Geo.  L.  Marsh  Ostrander 

J.  L.  Sparling  Kelso 

Dr.  H.  A.  Rue Kelso 

F.  G.  Barnes  Silver  Lake 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY. 

E.  K.  Fritts,  Chairman   Waterville 

T.  J.  East,  Secretary   Bridgeport 

L.  T.  Griswold   Mansfield 

Harry  I.  Short  Withrow 

M.  H.  Davison    Waterville 

Edith  L.  Greenberg  Waterville 

FERRY  COUNTY. 

,  A.  L.  Bradley,  Chairman  Danville 

\  G.  J.  Tompkins,  Vice  Chairman  Republic 

Thos.  F.  Barrett,  Secretary Republic 

John  Stack Republic 

D.  H.  McKellar   Republic 

F.  H.  Prodger Malo 

Jas.  T.  Johnson  Republic 

W.  A.  Atkin Republic 

Mrs.  W.   T.   Beck    Republic 

A.  A.  Anderson Republic 

F.  W.  Cleator  Republic 

Dr.  E.  M.  Bevis   Republic 

P.  H.  Walsh   Republic 

S.  H.  Richardson  Republic 

J.  W.  O'Connell   Republic 

T.  J.  Kelly  Ferry 

Ira  Carter Curlew 

Jacob  Meyers   Laurier 

O.  G.  Barnard Orient 

V.  M.  Meyers Boyds 

Mrs.  Fred  Sengfelder  Kettle  Falls 

[87] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Chas.  W.  Lawson Inchelium 

H.  G.  Parmeter Covada 

H.  R.  Taylor Keller 

FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

Volney  B.  Cox,  Chairman   Pasco 

R.   B.    McFarland,    Secretary    Pasco 

Gerard    Ryzek    Pasco 

Riley   Conrad    Pasco 

Edward  Onstott  Pasco 

Mrs.    Wilford    Pasco 

Mrs.   Turner    Pasco 

Mrs.  Douglas  Pasco 

Guy  Foster  Eltopia 

D.  B.  Garrison   Connell 

E.  Raymond   Kahlotus 

GARFIELD  COUNTY. 

E.  V.  Kuykendall,  Chairman  Pomeroy 

B.  F.  Burch,  Secretary-Treasurer   Pomeroy 

Peter  McClung,  Secretary-Treasurer  (later)    Pomeroy 

M.   F.  Gose    Pomeroy 

J.   A.   Strain    Pomeroy 

D.  B.  Williams   Pomeroy 

W.  H.  Dixon   Pomeroy 

Otto  Long    Pomeroy 

H.  B.   Henley    Pomeroy 

Fred    Mattheis    Pomeroy 

P.  R.  Weller  Pomeroy 

C.  G.  Black   Pomeroy 

W.  H.  Dixon  Pomeroy 

A.  G.  Farley Pomeroy 

G.  W.  Jewett   Pomeroy 

E.  E.  Powell   Pomeroy 

W.  J.   Schneckloth    Pomeroy 

E.   C.   Cluster    Pomeroy 

J.  R.  Stevenson   Pomeroy 

M.  C.  Beale   Pomeroy 

R.  J.  McKeirnan  Pomeroy 

Hans   Clodius    Pomeroy 

Frank  Fitzgerald   Pomeroy 

J.  J.  Bentley  Pomeroy 

E.  S.  Sleeman Pomeroy 

W.  J.  Robinson   Pomeroy 

Thad  Patterson   Pomeroy 

[88] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

J.  T.  Ledgerwood Pomeroy 

James    Oliver    Pomeroy 

C.  R.  Long    Pomeroy 

J.  F.  Mills Peola 

H.  B.  Stallcop    Pomeroy 

Dr.  G.  B.  Kuydendall  Pomeroy 

May  Elsensohn    Pomeroy 

C.  Alex  McCabe  Pomeroy 

Rev.  John  Huggins  Pomeroy 

Rev.  John  Leacher   Pomeroy 

E.  W.  Collier Pomeroy 

GRANT  COUNTY. 

E.  C.   Davis,   Chairman    Ephrata 

H.  W.  Reaugh,  Secretary    Ephrata 

Mae   Simpkins,   Clerk    Ephrata 

Mrs.  D.  T.   Cross    Ephrata 

John  R.  Kelley    Ephrata 

P.  H.  Hiebert    Ephrata 

H.  D.  McMillen   Ephrata 

H.    M.    Hancock    Ephrata 

P.    G.    Maltbie    Ephrata 

C.  T.   Sanders    Ephrata 

N.   W.   Washington    Ephrata 

J.  H.  Hill Hartline 

A.  A.  Proulx Grand  Coulee 

A.  T.  Hampton Steamboat  Rock 

Dan  S.  Evans   Coulee  City 

Mrs.  M.  H.  Handcock Coulee  City 

Emil  Rosenberg Timm 

George  DeBolt   High  Hill 

Chas.  Kennedy Stratford 

T.  Claude  Bennett  Wilson  Creek 

Donald  Urquhart    Wilson  Creek 

Ben  Thomas   Soap  Lake 

Mrs.  H.  W.  Mangold  Adrian 

Chris  Krogness    Bunker  Hill 

J.  F.  McCarthy   Bunker  Hill 

H.  C.  Erickson  Marlin 

Mrs.  D.  T.  Wolfe Marlin 

A.  C.  Allen Trinidad 

F.  G.  Campbell Quincy 

Wm.  Ragless Quincy 

D.  G.  Banko   Quincy 

Mrs.  J.  O.  Smith Winchester 

[89] 


Report  of  Washington  State  CotmcU  of  Defense 

D.   C.   Thiemens    Ephrata 

Mrs.  J.  A.  Hessel Gloyd 

Edgar  Dry    Wheeler 

F.  R.  Amend   Ruff 

H.  M.  Course   Neppel 

Mrs.  Harvey  Smith Neppel 

Ed  Dunham   Sieler 

D.  B.  Cole  McCaskey 

I.  N.  MuUowney Warden 

Mrs.  Grace  Sinclair   Corfu 

F.  C.  Koppen Wahluke 

Mrs.  Geo.  A.  Arrowsmith  White  Bluffs 

Mrs.  H.  M.  Groode  Smyrna 

H.  V.  Dyer  Beverly 

H.  M.  Perry Low  Gap 

Mrs.  E.  Goodwin   Mae 

J.  C.  Pepper Mae 

J.  R.  O'Meara  Morrison 

Chas.  E.  Kline  Burke 

GRAYS  HARBOR  COUNTY. 

L.  G.  Humbarger,  Chairman Aberdeen 

W.  H.  Abel,  Secretary  Aberdeen 

Mrs.  M.  L.  Watson Aberdeen 

Henry  McCleary    McCleary 

Alex  Poison   Hoquiam 

W.  E.  Johnson 

W.  E.  Campbell   

J.  W.  Clark    

Russell  Mack 

A.  P.  Sprague   

W.  J.  Patterson   

W.  H.  France   

Mrs.  Humbarger  

W.  L.  Boomer  

C.  F.  Monroe 

Dr.  J.  H.  Fitz 

C.  T.  Scurry 

G.  P.  Halferty  

Thorpe  Babcock   

F.  G.  Foster 

G.  G.  Kellogg 

Mrs.  H.  P.  Brown 

H.  V.  Collins   

John  Strubel   

[90] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


H.  p.  Brown    

Eldridge  Wheeler 
J.  E.  Calder  


ISLAND  COUNTY. 

H.  T.  Wanamaker,  Chairman    Coupeville 

T.  C.  Clark,  Secretary Coupeville 

Luther  Weedin   ; Coupeville 

Harvey  Bantz Oak  Harbor 

G.  L.  Woodruff   Langley 

Aug.  Bloomquist  Camano 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Clarence  L.  Wannamaker,  Chairman Port  Townsend 

Chas.  G.  Campbell,  Secretary  Port  Townsend 

Wm.  Bishop Chimacum 

O.  T.  McWhorter   Port  Townsend 

C.  F.  Goodrich   Port  Townsend 

H.  J.  Lipsett  Port  Ludlow 

H.  Kuppler Port  Ludlow 

Horace  B.   Sims    Port  Townsend 

Edith  DeLanty   Port  Discovery 

W.    M.    McCurdy    Port  Townsend 

Dr.  P.  I.  Carter   Port  Townsend 

;  Dr.  J.  C.  House    Port  Townsend 

!  Tom  W.  Holman   Port  Townsend 

KING  COUNTY. 

I  Harold  Preston,  Chairman    Seattle 

C.  K.  Poe,  Secretary   Seattle 

F.  V.  Brown  Seattle 

John  C.  Higgins Seattle 

Judge  George  Donworth    Seattle 

Frank  Gates   Seattle 

R.  L.  Proctor  Seattle 

John  Wooding  Auburn 

R.  M.  McCullough    Seattle 

O.   D.   Fisher    Seattle 

C.  W.  Wiley  Seattle 

W.    C.   Weeks Seattle 

C.  H.  Winders  Seattle 

J.  P.  Todd  Seattle 

Mrs.  Edgar  Ames Seattle 

Mrs.  Milo  Loveless    Seattle 

[91] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Mrs.  J.  W.  Glascock Seattle 

J.  W.  Spangler   Seattle 

R.  H.  Thomson   Seattle 

Dr.  J.  E.  Crichton   Seattle 

James  S.  Goldsmith  Seattle 

Martin  J.  Flyzik Seattle 

Fred  S.  Stimson  Seattle 

Edwin   A.    Start    Seattle 

KITSAP  COUNTY. 

Walter  M.  French,  Chairman  Port  Orchard 

Harry  E.  Frost,  Secretary  Port  Orchard 

Mrs.  F.  A.  Harlow  Bremerton 

R.  S.  Hayward Bremerton 

A.   Harigal    Bremerton 

M.   A.    Matthews    Bremerton 

Mrs.  Ella  Bender   Manette 

Paul  Paulson   Paulsbo 

Nels    Sonju    Paulsbo 

Wm.  Brown  Port  Gamble 

Mrs.  R.  W.  Condon  Port  Gamble 

Wm.   F.   Lindekugel    Port  Orchard 

Hal  Smith  Charleston 

C.  E.  Greaves  Silverdah 

R.  L.  Robins  SilverdaU 

Fred  Grow  Winsloi 

Louis  Beck Port  Blakeley 

Lucas  Rodal Rolling  Bay 

E.  A.  Landolt  Retsil 

KITTITAS  COUNTY. 

J.  C.  Hubbell,  Chairman Ellensburf 

J.  C.  Kaynor,  Secretary  EUensburf 

A.  L.  B.  Davies   

Harry  W.  Hale  

C.  R.  Hadley  

Harry  B.  Averill    

R.  B.  Wetson  

Mrs.  Harry  Elwood   

Mrs.  J.  A.  Mahan 

Linden  McCullough   

Mrs.  Elizabeth  F.  Baker  

Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson  

[92] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


KLICKITAT   COUNTY. 

N.  B.  Brooks,  Chairman  Goldendale 

F.  W.  Hurd  Goldendale 

C.  T.  Camplan   Goldendale 

Ira  Henderson Goldendale 

Ralph  Fenton   Goldendale 

John  R.   McEwen    Goldendale 

William    Warner    " Alderdale 

C.  E.  Comstock Alderdale 

i  John  Kaiders    Centerville 

Charles  H.  Babcock   Columbus 

Albert  Bertschi  Glenwood 

Leon  W.  Curtis  Grand  Dalles 

H,  L.  Douglass  Husam 

William  Morginson   Lyle 

W.  H.  Reader  Roosevelt 

J.  R.  Shepard   Sundale 

William  Coate  Trout  Lake 

Chris  Guler Trout  Lake 

t  W.  E.  Mills White  Salmon 

I  John  G.  Wyers  White  Salmon 

LEWIS  COUNTY. 

A.  E.  Judd,  Chairman   Chehalis 

J.  W.  Alexander,  Secretary   Chehalis 

John    Galvin    Centralia 

B.  H.  Johnston   Centralia 

Mrs.  W.  E.  Brown Vader 

R.  W.  Mersereau   Doty 

A.  C.  St.  John    Chehalis 

Dr.  F.  G.  Titus  Centralia 

W.  W.  Morse  Morse 

W.  W.  Emery   Napavine 

C.  O.  Gingrich    Chehalis 

Geo.  R.   Sibley    Chehalis 

E.  C.  Leonard   Winlock 

Geo.  A.  Dew Toledo 

C.    Ellington    Chehalis 

E.    McBroom    Chehalis 

Dr.  J.  M.  Sleicher  Chehalis 

O.  K.  Palmer    Chehalis 

T.  Davis  Acheson    Chehalis 

H.  E.  Donohoe   Chehalis 

Mrs.  Jos.  R.  Monfort  Chehalis 

[93] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

T.  C.  Foster   Chehalls 

D.  W.  Noble   Chehalis 

R.   E.   Cook    Chehalls 

G.  R.  Bright Napavlne 

A.  L.  McMurran   Napavlne 

C.  L.  Stone  Napavlne 

Oscar  R.  Main   Napavlne 

J.  Y.   Blumstrom    Napavlne 

I.   M.   Shultz    Toledo 

Jos.  M.  Boyles   Toledo 

R.  W.  Edmonds  Toledo 

Ernest  Layton    Toledo 

W.  C.  Yeomans  Pe  Ell 

C.  E.  McCoy Pe  Ell 

Wm.  Self ner   Pe  Ell 

J.  F.  Hendricks    Pe  Ell 

E.  A.  HoUingsworth  Doty 

Mrs.  E.  J.  Stevens   Doty 

E.  L.  Mersereau    Doty 

John  Malin    Doty 

W.  F.  Downs   Meskill 

W.  H.  Foster   Boistfort 

W.  H.  Dawitz Boistfort 

Glen  Roundtree   Boistfort 

C.  E.  Damitz  Boistfort 

J.   P.   Roselle    Boistfort 

Edgar  Reed    Centralia 

J.   H.  Roberts    Centralia 

A.  C.  Gesler  Centralia 

J.  D.  Wonderly   Centralia 

F.  W.  Dunham  Adna 

Walter  Clinton Adna 

A.  H.  Purcell  Adna 

F.  Burlingame Adna 

D.  D.    McKay    '. Winlock 

J.   H.   Marcott    Winlock 

J.  Z.  Leather Winlock 

J.  M.  Parker   Winlock 

R.  L.  Jones  Winlock 

Andrew    Johnson    Winlock 

John   Stein    Vader 

H.  E.  Guinn   Vader 

Henry  Spangler '. Vader 

Geo.  McCormick   McCormick 


[94] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Cowncil  of  Defense 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. 

Chas.  E.  Myers,  Chairman Davenport 

C.  A.  Pettijohn,  Secretary   Davenport 

Mrs.  E.  L.  Farnsworth Wilbur 

W.  W.  Downie  Harrington 

Ira  E.  Clark Almira 

R.  L.  Hedrick  Creston 

Ward  Jesseph Edwall 

W.  W.  Downie Harrington 

A.  J.  Lilienthal  Lincoln 

W.  M.  Nevins Odessa 

H.  G.  Burns Reardan 

A.  L.  Smalley  Sprague 

E.  L.  Farnsworth Wilbur 

Jim  Goodwin  Davenport 

J.   C.   McCallum    Davenport 

J.  E.  Eraser  Davenport 

MASON  COUNTY. 

W.  G.  Rex,  Chairman  Shelton 

Chas.  A.  Paine,  Secretary   Shelton 

Mrs.  A.  B.  Govey   Shelton 

Mrs.  C.  I.  Pritchard   Shelton 

Frank    Binns    Shelton 

Mark  E.  Reed Shelton 

W.  A.  Johnson  Shelton 

Mrs.  C.  S.  Norton   Shelton 

Mrs.  Taylor  Shelton 

Grant  C.  Angle    Shelton 

Dr.  Wm.  Beach Shelton 

Dr.  F.  M.  Gage Shelton 

R.  A.  Lathrop   Shelton 

C.  I.  Pritchard Shelton 

T.  P.  Fisk   Shelton 

Rev.   Waddington    Shelton 

A.  E.  Hillier   Shelton 

OKANOGAN   COUNTY. 

Harry  J.  Kerr,  Chairman Okanogan 

Chas.  A.  Johnson,  Secretary  Okanogan 

Geo.  W.  Lee  Omak 

Clair  Ward Okanogan 

C.  H.  Neal Okanogan 

Georgian  Donald Okanogan 

[95] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Clay   Fruit    Tonasket 

Chas.  T.  Borg Pateros 

PACIFIC  COUNTY. 

L.  L.  Darling,   Chairman    South  Bend 

W.  P.  Cressy,  Secretary  South  Bend 

J.  D.  O'Nell Raymond 

Ed   Lawler    Raymond 

Dr.  G.  A.  Tripp   South  Bend 

J.  T.  Stratton Raymond 

Thos.  H.  Bell ; South  Bend 

Rev.  G.  F.  Hopkins Raymond 

T.  E.  Pearson   South  Bend 

Mrs.  John  T.  Welsh  South  Bend 

Elbert    Pedersen    South  Bend 

Dr.  A.  L.  Maclennan Raymond 

Capt.  A.  W.  Reed   South  Bend 

Judge  H.  W.  B.  Hewen  South  Bend 

Fred  A.  Hart  Raymond 

W.  R.  Haddock  South  Bend 

Joe  Johnson  Tokeland 

Capt.  H.  Winbeck  North  Cove 

L.  L.  Bush Bay  Center 

Henry  Brown Nahcotta 

Judge  J.  J.  Brumbach Ilwaco 

C.  H.  Jackson Chinook 

D.  C.  Eager  Nasel 

F.  A.  Dark Knappton 

Z.  B.  Shay  Willapa 

G.  W.  Adams Lebam 

E.  A.  Brigham  Menlo 

Louis  Christen Frances 

E.  A.  Seaborg  South  Bend 

R.   E.  Brown    Raymond 

A.  C.  Little  Raymond 

J.  S.  Thornton  Raymond 

Dr.  S.  V.  Conway Raymond 

Dr.  E.  R.  Perry  Raymond 

PEND   OREILLE   COUNTY. 

Fred  L.  Wolf,   Chairman    Newport 

Sidney  W.   Rogers    Newport 

Elmer    Thackston    lone 

A.   J.    Tulles    Newport 

[96] 


Report  of  Washington  State  CovMcil  of  Defense 

Fred    Stevens    Newport 

Jens  Jensen    Metaline  Falls 

H.  G.  Murphy    Newport 

Fay  F.  Dean   Newport 

Dr.  J.  L.  Rogers  Newport 

E.   W.   Anderson    Newport 

J.  L.  Montzheimer  lone 

Mrs,  Julia  Murphy Newport 

Mrs.  Mamie  P.  Johnson  Newport 

Dr.  G.  W.  Sutherland    Newport 

Thos.  W.  Bartlett  Usk 

James  Newton  Rogers   Scotia 

D.  G.  McKay lone 

D.  H.  Robinson Dalkena 

PIERCE   COUNTY. 

C.  M.  Riddell,  Chairman  Tacoma 

Herbert  S.  Griggs,  Secretary Tacoma 

Arthur  G.  Prichard  Tacoma 

H.  Roy  Harrison  Tacoma 

Stephen  Appleby  Tacoma 

J.  S.  Whitehouse   Tacoma 

T.  E.  Ripley   Tacoma 

E.  J.  McNeeley Tacoma 

E.   M.   Hayden    Tacoma 

Maurice  A.  Langhorne Tacoma 

Mary  J.   Lytle    Tacoma 

Mrs.  C.  P.  Balabanoff  Tacoma 

SAN  JUAN   COUNTY. 

L.  B.  Carter,  Chairman Friday  Harbor 

Cecil  L.  Carter,  Secretary   Friday  Harbor 

Van  E.   Sargent    Friday  Harbor 

E.   H.  Nash Friday  Harbor 

O.  H.  Culver   Friday  Harbor 

V.  J.  Capron   Friday  Harbor 

Wm.   Shultz    Friday  Harbor 

W.  B.  Williams  West  Sound! 

E.  Van  Bogaert   Lopez 

Wm.  Norton Deer  Harbor 

Wm.  Hunton  East  Sound 

N.  P.  Hodgson  Port  Stanley 


[97] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

SKAGIT  COUNTY. 

Thomas  Smith,  Chairman  Mt.  Vernoi 

Charles  W.  Bridgam,  Secretary   Mt.  Vernoi 

H.   A.    McLean    Mt.  Vernoi 

Wilbra  Coleman   Mt.  Vemoi 

C.  D.  Beagle    Mt.  Vernoi 

R.  L.  Davis    Mt.  Vernoui 

Eric  A.  Anderson  LaConner 

W.  S.  Stapp    Anacortes 

C.  C.  Barnett   Anacortes 

George  H.  Knutzen   Burlington 

Paul  Rhodius  Sedro  Woolley 

Quinby  R.  Bingham Sedro  Woolley 

John  H.  Slipper   Hamilton 

W.  J.  S.  Gordon  Concrete 

A.  Garborg Conway 

Miss  Mabel  Graham   Mt.  Vernon 

SKAMANIA   COUNTY. 

Dr.  H.  L.  Geary,  Chairman Underwood 

Geo.  P.  Christenson,  Vice  Chairman    Stevenson 

J.  B.  Gray,  Secretary   Stevenson 

E.  E.  Shields,  Secretary   Stevenson 

H.  W.  Hamlin   Underwood 

J.  B.  Purcell   Cooks 

Thos.  Underwood  Home  Valley 

J.  M.  Boyd Carson 

R.  I.  Cline   Stabler 

Geo.  E.  O'Bryon   Stevenson 

C.  O.  Williams  Skamania 

J.  F.  Grenia  Hamilton  Creek 

E.  H.  Prindle  Prindle 

Geo.  F.  Breslin Cape  Horn 

R.  E.  Turk   Washougal 

Maurice  Shields  Cape  Horn 

P.  I.  Packard   Underwood 

J.  W.  Shipley  Underwood 

J.  K.  Simpson Stevenson 

S.  L.  Knox   Stevenson 

W.  G.  Hufford   Stevenson 

Mrs.  Theo.  Lindis  Stevenson 

Dr.  T.  C.  Avary  Stevenson 

Wm.   Totten    Stevenson 

Raymond  C.  Sly Stevenson 

[98] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Comicil  of  Defense 

Mrs.  W.  A.  Arnold  Stevenson 

Mrs.  Lilly  Wilson  Stevenson 

Rex  May Stevenson 

C.  H.  Nellor  Stevenson 

SNOHOMISH  COUNTY. 

A,  H.  B.  Jordan,  Chairman  Lowell 

J.  A.  Powers   ; Everett 

James  A.  Ballew   Everett 

E.  M.  Stephens Monroe 

J.  T.  McChesney   Everett 

W.  H.  Boner  Everett 

Clyde  W.  Walton  Everett 

N.  J.  Craigue Everett 

William    Howarth    Everett 

J.  O.  Morris  Everett 

Mrs.  W.  H.  L.  Ford   Everett 

Dr.  H.  P.  Howard  Everett 

J.  A.  Coleman  Everett 

A.  C.  Roberts    Everett 

B.  F.  Bird Snohomish 

E.  M.  Stephens  Monroe 

G.  M.  Mitchell Stanwood 

Thomas  A.  Casey  Sultan 

George   Startup    Startup 

S.  T.  Smith Marysville 

George  Murphy  Arlington 

F.  R.  Beeson Edmonds 

SPOKANE  COUNTY. 

N.  W.  Durham,  Chairman   Spokane 

E.  A.  Smith,  Secretary   Spokane 

J.  L.  Paine  Spokane 

Miss  Jeanette  Donaldson Spokane 

O.  C.  Pratt  Spokane 

M.  E.  Hay   Spokane 

Herbert  Witherspoon   Spokane 

F.  W.  Guilbert Spokane 

J.  R.  Shinn  Spokane 

George   Hingston    Spokane 

E.  F.  C.  Van  Dissel  Spokane 

A.  J.  Germain  Spokane 

George  L.  Reid  Spokane 

Frank  T.  Post  Spokane 

[99] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Thomas  A.  Scott   Spokane 

J.  B.  Lindsley  Spokane 

Dr.  A.  E.  Stuht    Spokane 

Dr.  Harry  S.  Martin   Spokane 

C.  H.  Weeks Spokane 

Geo.  W.  Dodds Spokane 

Dr.  J.  B.  Anderson   Spokane 

W.  S.  Gilbert  Spokane 

H.  M.  Eastman   Spokane 

Mrs.  F.  A.  Noteware  Spokane 

Mrs.  Sikko  Barghoorn  Spokane 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Phelps Spokane 

Mrs.  George  Dyer    Spokane 

Mrs.  Anna  Kass   Spokane 

Mrs.  George  Kingston    Spokane 

Mrs.  Agnes  McDonald    Spokane 

Mrs.  A.  E.  Stuht Spokane 

C.  S.  Kingston    Cheney 

E.  N.  Guertin Cheney 

J.  A.  McMillan Chester 

Hugh  McElroy   Chester 

Geo.  Grant,  Jr Dishman 

Irvine  G.  Page    Denison 

Geo.  Meyers  Deep  Creek 

M.  C.  Lavender Deep  Creek 

Rev.  Wm.  Worthington Deer  Park 

D.  M.  Thompson   Elk 

S.   L.    Conrad    Elk 

A.  R.  Stratton  Five  Mile  Prairie 

F.  K.  Eddy  Four  Lakes 

Jasper  Wilson  Four  Lakes 

S.  A.  Powers  Fairfield 

J.  P.  Laird  Fairfield 

R.  B.  Newell  Freeman 

Martin  Honstead   Freeman 

E.  L.  Sherwood   Four  Mound  Prairie 

Mrs.  O.  G.  Gilstrap   Four  Mound  Prairie 

Dr.  E.  J.  Peterson  Glenrose,  R.  No.  3,  Spokane 

G.  A.  O'Brien Glenrose,  R.  No.  3,  Spokane 

E.  E.   McGinness Greenbluf  f 

J.  Atkinson    Greenbluff 

Dr.  C.  W.  Driesbach   Greenacres 

J.  E.  Elkins   Hillyard 

L.  R.  Hurd   Hillyard 

P.  A.  Page  Indian  Prairie 

[  100  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Mrs.  L.  F.  Jones  Indian  Prairie 

W.  A.  McEachran  Latah 

Geo.  W.  Witcher  Latah 

L.  Oriard Marshall 

E.  J.  Janney  Milan 

Mrs.  Auda  Verbeck  Milan 

C.  M.  Bernson  Mt.  Hope 

G.  E.  Turner  , Mt.  Hope 

Wm.    Harris    Mead 

Mrs.  J.  W.  Stoneman  Mead 

Theo.   Reed    Moran,  R.  No.  3,  Spokane 

E.  F.   Lindstrum    Moran,  R.  No.  3,  Spokane 

B.  F.  Nail  Medical  Lake 

J.  M.  Wilkes   Medical  Lake 

F.  G.  Phillips    Otis  Orchards 

F.  B.  Kidder  Otis  Orchards 

Walter  G.  Smith Orchard  Avenue 

D.  C.  Gibson  Orchard  Avenue 

Edward  Pierce   Opportunity 

Harry  E.  Nelson   Opportunity 

L.  W.  Lancaster Pleasant  Prairie,  R.  No.  10,  Hillyard 

A.  H.  Collins  Pleasant.  Prairie,  R.  No.  10,  Hillyard 

W.  J.  Taylor  Rockford 

0.  D.  Hawley  Rockford 

1.  H.  Jennings    Spangle 

O.  W.  Newlon Spangle 

W.  R.  Bell  Spring  Valley 

W.  R.  Munger Spring  Valley 

W.  A.  Monroe Sunset  Prairie,  R.  No.  1,  Spokane 

Miss  Clara  Sarsfield Sunset  Prairie,  R.  No.  1,  Spokane 

R.  Blain South  Moran,  R.  F.  D.,  Kiesling 

C.  W.  Cahill South  Moran,  R.  F.  D.,  Kiesling 

R.  C.  Michael   Spokane  Bridge 

P.  W.  Rice Spokane  Bridge 

W.  L.  Bruehlman   Vera 

B.  Allen   Vera 

Geo.   Martin    Valleyford 

C.  H.  Tart  Valleyford 

Ralph  M.  Darknell Waverly 

C.  A.  Smith  Waverly 

Ira  P.  Whitney Whitworth  College,  R.  F.  D.  No.  7,  Spokane 

Mrs.  G.  E.  Berg Whitworth  College,  R.  F.  D.  No.  7,  Spokane 


[101] 


Report  of  Washmgton  State  Council  of  Defense 


STEVENS  COUNTY. 

G.  W.  Peddycord,  Chairman   Colville 

H.  R.  Williams   Colville 

Al  Weatherman    Addy 

F.  L.  Relnoehl   Chewelah 

Dr.  W.  A.  Cartwright  Valley 

Wm.  Rose   Gray 

P.  M.  Cartier  Van  Dissell Springdale 

C.  C.  Hammerly    Clayton 

J.  M.  Glasgow Hunters 

S.  C.  Sturman   Gifford 

C.  S.  Summers  . . : Daisy 

Geo.  W.  Bryant Rice 

J.  M.  Williams  Kettle  Falls 

A.  W.  Smith   Meyers  Falls 

J.  S.  Lane Marcus 

Joe  Reed Marble 

J.  P.  Helpman  Northport 

THURSTON   COUNTY. 

George  W.  Draham,  Chairman Olympia 

Joseph  Reder,  Vice  Chairman Olympia 

B.  F.  Hume,  Secretary  Olympia 

C.  H.   Bergstrom    Olympia 

C.  J.   Lord    Olympia 

Jesse  T.  Mills   Olympia 

W.  J.  Milroy   Olympia 

Mrs.  R.  L.  Fromme   Olympia 

T.  Ives  Dodge  Olympia 

S.  L,  Lester Olympia 

F.  R.  Stokes Tenino 

Jennings  Johnson    Bordeaux 

J.  L.  Mossman  Yelm 

A.  C.  Wood    Nisqually 

A.  B.  Smith  Rainier 

J.  C.  Brookes    Tone 

A.  J.  Gaisell  Gate 

J.  B.  McCleary  Grand  Mound 

Lester   Service    Maytown 

Mrs.  J.  W.  Mowell    Olympia 

Howard  Waterman  Olympia 

Rev.  R.  Franklin  Hart  Olympia 

J.  M.  Hitt  Olympia 

[102] 


I 


Report  of  Washington  State  Coimcil  of  Defense 

George  G.  Mills   Olympia 

Mrs.  W.  H.  Yeager,  Sr Olympia 

F.    P.    McKinney    Olympia 

F.  M.  Kenney   Olympia 

C.   E.   Beach    Olympia 

H,  B.  Fultz    Olympia 

F.  G.  Blakeslee  Olympia 

T.  M.  Vance  Olympia 

W.  A.  Howe    • Rainier 

G.  C.  Gardner  Grand  Mound 

Matt  Twohy Schneiders  Prairie 

J.  W.  Dent Black  Lake 

Chas.  Leber   Cummings 

Mrs,  Helen  Goddard  Case 

Walter  Brazel   Olympia 

George  F.  Yantis   Olympia 

W.  W.  Manier  Olympia 

P.  H.  Carlyon   Olympia 

George  Prigmore    Olympia 

WAHKIAKUM   COUNTY. 

William  Stuart,  Chairman  Cathlamet 

Joseph  Girard,  Secretary  Cathlamet 

M.  Gorman   

Maude  K.  Butler   

Th.  Fagstad    

A.  T.  Flagg   

A.  D.  Birnie  

Esther  B.  Flagg  

C.  H.  Warren    

H.  M.  Page,  M.  D 

Geo.  F.  Hanigan  

J.  W.  Heron  

Serena  D.  Vinson 

WALLA  WALLA  COUNTY. 

A.  J.  Gillis,  Chairman   Walla  Walla 

O.  T.  Cornwell Walla  Walla 

William  H.  Kirkman Walla  Walla 

B.  F.  Brewer Walla  Walla 

Reid   Wolf    Walla  Walla 

John  H.  Morrow  Walla  Walla 

John  G.  Kelley Walla  Walla 

Henry  Drum Walla  Walla 

[  103  1 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

S.  B.  L.  Penrose Walla  Walla 

Miss  Grace  Isaacs  Walla  Walla 

WHATCOM  COUNTY. 

F.  F.  Handschy,  Chairman   Belllngham 

Curtis  E.  Abrams,  Vice  Chairman  Bellingham 

A.   Pancoast,   Secretary   Bellingham 

Dr.  D.  E.  Biggs    Bellingham 

Mrs.  D.  Campbell  Bellingham 

E.  J.  Cleary South  Bellingham 

Virgil  Peringer   Bellingham 

A.  W.  Deming South  Bellingham 

J.  J.  Donovan    Bellingham 

Ed.  E.  Hardin   Bellingham 

B.  W.  Huntoon   South  Bellingham 

William  McCush   Bellingham 

Charles  F.  Nolte  Bellingham 

N.  P.   Sorensen Laurel 

F.  I.  Sefrit   Bellingham 

H.  G.   Selby   Bellingham 

Ed.  Brown Custer 

J.  S.  Crilly  Blaine 

Hugh    Eldridge    Bellingham 

George  E.  Gage  Bellingham 

J.  S.  Houghton   Bellingham 

H.  B.  Paige  Bellingham 

R.  S.  Lambert Sumas 

John  Simpson Everson 

Rev.  J.  M.  Wilson South  Bellingham 

W.  H.  Waples  Lynden 

H.  B.  Carroll,  Jr Bellingham 

WHITMAN  COUNTY. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Palamountain,  Chairman  Colfax 

H.  H.   Mitchell,   Secretary   Colfax 

U.  L.  Ettinger  Colfax 

Dr.  J.  Floyd  Tifft  Colfax 

H.  G.  DePledge  Colfax 

W.  R.  Heglar  St.  John 

F.  J.  Wilmer Rosalia 

J.   N.   Emerson    Pullman 

G.  H.  Watt  Pullman 

C.  E.  Maynard   Colton 

[104] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Coumcil  of  Defense 

Oscar  W.  Collins  Uniontown 

A.  C.  Smith   Endicott 

E.  S.  Knowlton LaCrosse 

N.  W.  McGinnis   Winona 

P.  M.  Price  Penawawa 

Asa  Clark  Albion 

C.  F.  Ledbetter    Maiden 

Solano  Moffitt  Johnson 

Rev.  R.  E.  Jope   : Garfield 

Ralph  Comegys  , Thornton 

Tom  J.  Leuty   Farmington 

Wm.  Schott Tekoa 

J.  U.  Hughes  Steptoe 

W.  F.  Morrison Palouse 

Tom  Keyes   Sunset 

W.  O.  Palmer Pine  City 

James  H.  Scott Hay 

H.  R.  Rudd  Hooper 

H.  S.  Eitel Elberton 

Ben  Manring   Colfax 

Benson  Wright   Oakesdale 

W.  A.  Chamberlain   Almota 

Mrs.  Ivan  Chase  Colfax 

YAKIMA  COUNTY. 

O.  A.  Fechter,  Chairman     Yakima 

R.  B.  Milroy,  Secretary    Yakima 

J.  N.  Price    Yakima 

W.  L.  Lemon    Yakima 

A.  H.  Huebner  Yakima 

Dr.  J.  F.  Scott  Yakima 

Rev.  F.  L.  Mynard  v Yakima 

L.  F.  Sainsbury  Yakima 

Mrs.  Frank  Horsley   Yakima 

Mrs.  Anna  Nichols Yakima 

R.    K.    Tiffany Yakima 

Mrs.  A.  E.  Larson    Yakima 

W.  W.  Robertson    Yakima 

L.  H.  Kuhn   Zillah 

F.  Benz Toppenish 

Mrs.  L.  J.  Goodrich  Toppenish 

O.  L.  Boose   Sunnyside 

Wm.  Verran   Wapato 

A.  W.  Hawn Grandview 

[105] 


WOMAN'S  WORK 


IN  CONNECTION  WITH 


WAR  ACTIVITIES 


WOMAN'S  WORK 


By  Mrs.  J.  S.  McEee 


It  was  evident  in  the  beginning  that  the  first  problem  con- 
fronting this  department  was  to  find  out  what  women  would 
be  expected  to  do,  as  a  matter  of  course,  and  also  what  they 
might  offer  as  a  voluntary  service. 

A  survey  of  the  war  activities  of  the  women  of  England 
and  France  indicated  that  women,  no  less  than  men,  had  been 
diverted  from  their  usual  routine  of  peace  time  employment 
and  were  engaged  in  many  lines  of  work,  never  before  at- 
tempted by  them- 

The  women  of  this  country,  feeling  the  same  patriotic 
impulse  that  was  calling  the  men  from  their  homes,  and  im- 
pelled by  the  example  of  English  and  French  women,  were 
inclined  to  turn  at  once  from  their  accustomed  pursuits  and 
feel  that  only  in  seeking  some  new  duty  could  they  adequately 
show  their  devotion  to  America. 

It  seemed  wise,  therefore,  to  consider  whether  the  service 
asked  of  American  women  was  of  the  same  nature  as  that 
unquestionably  demanded  of  the  allied  nations. 

It  soon  became  evident  that  this  was  not  the  case  and 
would  not  be  unless  the  war  lasted  from  three  to  five  years. 

While  it  is  impossible  here  to  set  forth  the  diverse  features 
which  a  careful  comparison  of  conditions  made  evident,  the 
single  statement  that  England  had  in  her  army  one  in  every 
eight  of  her  population,  is  sufficient  to  indicate  how  very  dif- 
ferent the  demands  upon  women  of  the  two  countries  must  be. 

It  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  organize  woman's  work  in 
this  state  for  the  successful  achievement  of  the  more  difficult 
task  of  doing  mere  woman's  work  instead  of  throwing  aside 
this  to  take  up  what  belonged  to  men. 

The  basic  task  was  to  convince  our  women  that  this  was 
the  thing  that  would  be  of  greatest  service.  They  must  forego 
banners  and  trumpets  and  uniforms  and  stick  to  their  ordinary 

[  109  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  CotmcU  of  Defense 

routine,  only  doing  this  work  better  than  ever  before,  and 
while  they  still  sewed  and  cooked,  to  do  it  with  an  eye  single 
to  the  success  of  our  arms  and  the  glory  of  America. 

This  explanation  is  made  to  show  why  the  work  was  di- 
rected into  certain  channels  from  the  beginning.  There  was 
a  mania  in  the  nation  for  registration.  It  was  not  only  pro- 
posed officially  but  almost  every  organization  was  taking  a 
registration  of  its  members.  This  did  not  seem  the  wisest 
point  of  departure;  registration  often  meant  that  the  woman 
who  was  best  fitted  to  raise  hens  or  darn  socks  wanted  to  be 
a  street  car  conductor  and  other  equally  futile  results.  It  was 
therefore  postponed  until  finally  the  proposal  was  withdrawn 
by  the  committee  at  Washington.  This,  then,  is  one  thing 
this  department  did  not  do. 

On  the  other  hand,  because  of  this  widespread  misappre- 
hension as  to  the  best  service  women  could  give,  because  there 
was  inertia  on  the  part  of  many  and  a  subtle  propaganda  from 
enemy  sources,  which  was  only  beginning  to  be  recognized 
for  what  it  was,  it  seemed  the  part  of  wisdom  to  find  some 
method  of  reaching  as  fully  and  as  quickly  as  possible  the 
homes  of  our  state  with  the  information  necessary  to  bring  our 
people  to  a  hearty  support  of  the  war  and  particularly  to 
make  our  women  feel  the  importance  of  realizing  that  though 
the  service  asked  of  them  was  not  thrilling  it  was  fundamen- 
tal, and  however  uninviting  the  task,  they  must  face  it  cheer- 
fully. 

Results  have  proved  that  the  method  selected  helped  to 
this  end  and  the  women  of  Washington  may  feel  that  they  had 
their  share  in  the  state's  splendid  war  record. 

This  report  will  deal  only  with  the  specific  war  organiza- 
tion of  the  women  and  cannot  touch  upon  the  work  of  women's 
organizations,  all  of  which  quickly  changed  to  a  war  basis 
and  contributed  in  many  ways  to  war  service. 

In  pursuance  of  the  policy  determined  upon,  in  the  months 
following  the  first  meeting  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense, 
the  organization  of  the  women  was  undertaken  as  follows : 

A  County  Councillor  was  secured  in  each  County  who 
would  become  a  member  of  the  County  Council;  for  every 

[  110] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

considerable  town  in  the  county  a  local  councillor  was  chosen ; 
in  return,  a  representative  was  selected  for  every  ward  in 
a  given  town  and  school  district  in  the  county;  under  these 
were  enough  subordinates  to  reach  every  home  in  the  ward 
within  a  few  hours*  time. 

These  women  were  known  as  Minute  Women  because 
they,  like  the  men  of  old,  were  to  be  ready  at  a  minute's 
notice  to  carry  messages  for  the  Government.  Their  motto 
was,  ''America's  business  requireth  haste."  At  the  sugges- 
tion of  Dr.  Suzzallo,  the  following  design  was  accepted  for 
their  pin;  an  oval,  bearing  the  shield  from  Washington's  coat- 
of-arms,  the  lines  indicating  the  colors  of  the  shield  according 
to  the  laws  of  heraldic  design;  on  the  shield  the  words  ** Min- 
ute Women;"  below,  ''State  of  Washington;"  above," Coun- 
cil of  Defense."  Many  of  these  pins  will  be  treasured  in 
Washington  homes  as  mementoes  of  Civilian  Service  during 
the  great  war. 

It  was  easy  to  plan  such  an  organization;  it  was  another 
matter  to  put  it  into  effect.  Mrs.  0.  G.  Ellis,  State  Chairman 
of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee,  gave  much  valua- 
ble assistance  in  securing  and  maintaining  this  organization. 

After  much  preliminary  correspondence  a  skeleton  organ- 
ization was  secured.  In  the  interest  of  completing  the  organ- 
ization and  also  of  counseling  with  groups  of  patriotic  women, 
during  the  fall  and  winter  of  1917  and  1918,  the  State  Chair- 
man visited  26  of  the  39  counties  of  the  state. 

In  May,  1917,  a  Woman's  Committee  organization  had 
been  formed  at  Washington,  D.  C.  This  organization  was  rep- 
resented in  this  state  by  Mrs-  Winfield  Smith,  of  Seattle.  Work 
originating  at  Washington,  D.  C,  was  handled  through  this 
agency. 

The  first  food  drive  was  in  the  hands  of  this  Committee. 
The  woman's  work  for  the  Second  Liberty  Loan  would  nor- 
mally have  been  handled  in  the  same  way.  Owing  to  Mrs. 
Smith's  absence  from  the  state  and  the  tentative  character  of 
her  organization,  Mrs.  Ellis  asked  and  received  authority  from 
Washington  to  make  use  of  the  Minute  Women  for  this  cam- 
paign. 

[Ill] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Cowncil  of  Defense 

This  proved  very  opportune  for  our  organization,  as  it 
is  much  easier  to  draw  people  together  and  hold  their  interest 
when  a  specific  piece  of  work  is  before  them.  The  work  in 
this  campaign  was  largely  of  an  educational  nature.  An  in- 
teresting feature  of  this  was  the  Liberty  fires  held  throughout 
the  state  under  the  auspices  of  the  Women's  Liberty  Loan 
Committee  and  carried  out  locally  by  the  Minute  Women. 

The  result  of  the  first  food  drive  was  a  disappointment 
nationally,  making  it  evident  that  our  people  everywhere 
were  failing  to  catch  the  seriousness  of  the  situation  and  the 
need  of  sacrifice  on  the  part  of  the  whole  nation. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  Hebberd,  State  Food  Administrator, 
the  Minute  Women  were  carefully  instructed  in  the  needs 
of  the  situation  and  sent  out  on  a  house-to-house  canvass  to 
talk  to  women  about  their  responsibility  for  the  conservation 
of  food.  They  were  constantly  urged  to  support  the  Red  Cross 
and  at  Christmas  time  gave  much  assistance  in  securing  mem- 
bership; they  took  entire  charge  in  many  cases  of  the  sale 
of  Red  Cross  seals  for  the  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association.  As 
a  result  of  this  combined  effort  the  sale  was  greatly  increased- 

It  became  evident  as  time  went  on  that  the  greatest  good 
could  be  accomplished  if  the  Minute  Women  took  as  their 
fundamental  tasks,  first  of  all  gathering  and  dissemination  of 
information  that  would  lead  our  women  to  an  understanding 
and  support  of  the  war  program  and  that  would  counteract 
enemy  propaganda;  then  such  aid  as  might  be  asked  of  them 
by  the  Red  Cross,  Liberty  Loan  and  War  Savings  (later). 
Food  Administration  and  Training  Camp  Activities.  The 
work  of  this  last  agency  had  been  anticipated  in  suggestions 
for  hospitality  to  soldiers  sent  out  at  the  very  beginning  of 
our  work. 

Therefore,  the  Minute  Women  were  instructed  to  respond 
to  calls  from  these  agencies  as  a  matter  of  routine.  Their 
work  soon  attracted  attention  and  it  became  necessary  to  safe- 
guard them  by  restricting  the  amount  of  local  or  unauthorized 
work  they  could  do,  in  order  that  they  might  be  free  to  carry 
out  the  purpose  for  which  their  organization  was  originally 
called  together,  namely,  that  the  State  Council  of  Defense 

I  112] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

might  have  a  medium  for  reaching  the  homes  of  the  people 
and  to  co-ordinate  the  work  of  women  and  direct  it  into  the 
most  helpful  channels.  It  goes  without  saying  that  much  of 
the  work  done  by  these  women  was  of  a  nature  that  cannot 
be  brought  into  a  report  of  this  nature  which  must  be  brief 
and  omit  the  human  element. 

At  the  close  of  1917  the  work  was  organized  in  all  but  one 
county  and  the  organization  numbered  about  5,000  women 
throughout  the  state. 

Late  in  1917  the  existing  personnel  of  the  Washington 
Division  of  the  Woman's  Committee,  referred  to  above  as  the 
separate  agency  for  effecting  federal  activities  in  the  state, 
tendered  their  resignations.  The  National  Committee  at 
Washington  asked  the  chairman  of  the  Woman's  Department 
of  the  State  Council  to  undertake  to  re-organize  the  state  di- 
vision. This  was  done  with  the  understanding  that  the  Min- 
ute Women  should  constitute  the  state-wide  membership  of 
the  organization. 

A  central  committee  representing  all  women's  organiza- 
tions, lodge  and  church  groups  and  unorganized  women  as 
well,  was  called  together  to  meet  monthly  and  take  counsel 
together  about  the  various  problems  arising  from  time  to  time 
in  connection  with  the  progress  of  the  war. 

The  National  Woman's  Committee  presented  the  following 
program  of  work.  They  asked  for  state  committees  to  handle 
these  subjects:  Americanization,  Child  Welfare,  Educational 
Propaganda,  Food  Administration,  Food  Production,  Foreign 
and  Allied  Relief,  Health  and  Recreation,  Registration,  Women 
in  Industry,  Maintenance  of  Existing  Social  Agencies.  This 
program  seemed  rather  more  comprehensive  than  conditions 
demanded  or  warranted  in  this  state. 

Registration  was  rejected  for  reasons  stated  above;  Main- 
tenance of  Existing  Social  Agencies  seemed  not  to  belong  to 
our  immediate  war  program;  Foreign  and  Allied  Relief  was 
clearly  the  province  of  the  Red  Cross;  Women  in  Industry 
belonged  to  the  Federal  Employment  Service  rather  than  to  a 
voluntary  agency  such  as  the  woman's  organization  mani- 
festly was.  These  subjects  were  left  to  lie  dormant,  and  this 
—8  [  113  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

course  was  justified  when  at  the  time  of  the  organization  of 
the  Field  Division  these  subjects  were  all  withdrawn,  largely 
for  the  reasons  that  had  influenced  this  committee  in  its  de- 
cision- 

As  rapidly  as  possible  the  other  subjects  were  organized 
with  working  committees.  Little  actual  progress,  except  in 
an  educational  way,  was  accomplished  under  Americanization 
because  it  seemed  necessary  to  await  a  joint  organization  with 
the  State  Council  in  this  important  subject.  While  it  was  felt 
that  this  subject  would  be  of  prime  importance  during  the  re- 
construction period,  it  was  evident  that  some  beginning  should 
be  made  during  the  war,  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  peace 
conditions,  when  the  time  was  ripe. 

A  great  deal  of  excellent  work  was  done  by  the  Educa- 
tional Propaganda  Department.  This  committee  availed  itself 
of  an  excellent  outline  study  of  the  war,  issued  by  the  Com- 
mittee on  Public  Information.  Classes  were  formed  and  sev- 
eral institutes  were  held;  noticeably  important  were  confer- 
ences at  Rolling  Bay  in  the  summer,  one  in  Seattle  for  King 
County  and  two  at  the  University  of  "Washington.  Later  a 
similar  conference  was  held  at  Yakima  in  connection  with  the 
State  Fair. 

The  Child  Welfare  directed  its  efforts  toward  the  carry- 
ing out  of  the  Children's  Year  Program,  which  consisted  of 
registering  all  children  below  school  age,  with  weights  and 
measured  to  indicate  physical  conditions.  This  campaign  was 
carried  out  under  the  direction  of  the  Children's  Bureau  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  During  the  winter  of  1918,  when  most  of 
the  registering  had  been  completed,  the  committee  gave  its 
attention  to  a  back-to-the-school  drive,  to  secure  the  return 
of  all  children  of  school  age  who  had  stayed  out  during  the 
fall  to  help  in  various  industries  or  on  the  farms. 

The  Food  Administration  Committee  worked  closely  with 
the  Federal  Food  Administrator,  issuing  bulletins  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  a  limited  edition  of  war  cook  books.  This  commit- 
tee also  co-operated  fully  with  the  Home  Economics  Depart- 
ments of  our  State  University  and  State  College ;  an  important 
factor  of  the  work  of  this  department  was  the  assistance  given 

[  114] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

by  the  Home  Demonstration  Agents,  who  were  able  to  carry 
practical  instruction  to  the  women,  as  to  the  use  of  substi- 
tutes, etc. 

The  Food  Production  Committee  made  a  thorough  cam- 
paign in  the  interests  of  war  gardens  and  canning  and  con- 
serving of  foods. 

The  Committee  on  Health  and  Eecreation  co-operated  with 
the  State  Board  of  Health  and  the  agencies  of  the  Commis- 
sion on  Training  Camp  Activities.  A  conference  with  Army, 
Navy  and  Civilian  Health  officers  was  held  in  Tacoma.  Dr- 
Croasdale,  sent  out  by  the  War  Department  to  work  among 
girls,  was  assisted  by  this  Committee. 

The  Committee  on  Women  in  Industry  at  the  request  of 
the  State  Council  and  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Ogburn  at  the 
University,  made  such  survey  as  was  possible  without  a  con- 
siderable expenditure  of  funds  to  determine  to  what  extent 
working  conditions  among  women  had  been  affected  by  a  year 
of  war;  also  whether  such  an  actual  shortage  of  labor  exist- 
ed as  to  make  it  advisable  to  urge  women  to  go  into  industry 
from  patriotic  motives.  The  result  of  the  survey  indicated 
no  need  for  interference  with  the  regular  trend  of  industry, 
except  in  two  instances.  A  strong  protest  was  made  against 
the  employment  of  women  in  section  gangs  and  trucking  in 
freight  sheds.    This  condition  was  later  remedied. 

In  the  matter  of  farm  labor,  it  was  recognized  that  there 
might  be  a  call  for  women  in  gathering  and  caring  for  fruit 
crops.  As  this  emergency  labor  was  already  cared  for  to  an 
extent  by  the  Harvesters*  League,  it  was  decided  to  leave  this 
in  their  hands. 

This,  in  brief,  covers  the  general  tasks  added  to  our  al- 
ready determined  program  by  the  assumption  of  activities 
connected  with  the  National  Women's  Committee.  Beginning 
with  January,  1918,  the  two  lines  of  activity,  federal  and  state, 
were  merged  to  a  great  extent. 

In  January,  1918,  the  Minute  Women  participated  in  a 
drive  for  $100,000.00  for  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  This  campaign  was 
directed  by  the  Y-  M.  C.  A.,  but  the  field  work  was  done  large- 
ly by  the  Minute  Women. 

[  115  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

They  took  an  increasing  part  in  the  Third  Liberty  Loan 
which  came  in  April.  In  connection  with  this  a  state  meeting 
was  held  in  Seattle.  The  County  Councillors  from  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  counties  were  present.  A  very  helpful  and  infor- 
mal conference  on  war  activities  in  general  was  held  at  this 
time. 

In  May  they  gave  such  assistance  to  the  Red  Cross  in  its 
annual  drive  as  was  desired  by  its  local  representatives.  In 
the  latter  part  of  this  month,  the  Women's  Division  presented 
programs  at  the  Seattle-Spokane  Conferences.  At  Seattle, 
under  their  direction,  conferences  on  Americanization  and 
Child  Welfare  were  held.  At  Spokane,  the  main  theme  of  the 
Woman's  Section  was  **Food,"  this  conference  going  heartily 
on  record  as  favoring  the  ** no-wheat"  pledge  until  harvest. 

During  the  summer  months  attention  was  given  especially 
to  three  subjects: 

First,  weighing  and  measuring  of  children. 

Second,  educational  work  bearing  on  commercial  economy. 

Third,  a  campaign  for  the  enlistment  of  student  nurses. 
This  work  was  assigned  the  Woman's  Committee,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  War  Department.  The  campaign  was  delayed  and 
hindered  by  lack  of  supplies.  Notwithstanding  these  difficul- 
ties, 320  young  women  registered  for  this  work  which  meant 
two  years  of  service  before  they  could  hope  for  any  return 
from  their  efforts,  save  that  of  the  satisfaction  in  knowing 
that  they  were  doing  their  part  in  a  great  emergency. 

In  September,  at  the  urgent  request  of  the  National  Com- 
mittee, it  was  decided  to  take  part  in  the  State  Fair  at  Yakima. 
Our  work  was  represented  in  four  attractive  booths  in  the 
main  building,  where  information  was  given  out  and  literature 
distributed-  The  booths  represented  Child  Welfare,  where 
children  were  weighed  and  measured ;  Americanization,  where 
literature  was  on  file;  Food  Administration,  where  actual 
demonstrating  was  done;  Liberty  Loan.  Inasmuch  as  the 
Fourth  Loan  was  approaching,  it  seemed  wise  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  passing  crowds  to  this  fact. 

In  October  the  Loan  itself  absorbed  the  activities  of  all. 
A  separate  report  of  these  campaigns  is  to  be  given,  as  they 

[  116  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

were  directed  by  the  Liberty  Loan  Committee,  under  the 
leadership  of  Mrs.  Ellis. 

In  October  came  the  readjustment  at  Washington  which 
led  to  an  amalgamation  of  the  State  Council  section  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense  and  the  Woman's  Committee, 
made  effective  through  the  Field  Division,  composed  of  both 
men  and  women.  Had  not  the  great  events  of  November  11th 
transformed  all  our  interests  from  war  to  peace,  this  reorgan- 
ization would  doubtless  have  affected  the  futur  ework  of  this 
Committee.  As  it  was,  it  meant  little  more  than  the  empha- 
sizing of  the  lines  of  work  already  undertaken  and  the  defi- 
nite crossing  off  of  those  that  had  been  left  dormant. 

The  Minute  Women  will  have  for  their  final  task  that  of 
helping  the  Red  Cross  to  place  on  its  Christmas  Roll  the  name 
of  every  loyal  American.  This  seems  fitting  indeed  that  this 
task  should  engage  them  at  this  time,  for  they  have  remem- 
bered that  ''America's  business  requireth  haste,"  and  the 
haste  with  which  she  answered  has  meant  that  the  biggest 
task  for  our  Red  Cross  is  bringing  help  to  the  hungry  and 
homeless ;  not  binding  up  wounds  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
our  young  men,  as  another  year's  fighting  would  have  meant. 

Following  is  a  record  of  the  faithful  women,  each  of  whom, 
in  her  appointed  place,  gave  full  measure  of  service  to  her 
country  in  the  time  of  need. 

The  success  of  this  work,  if  indeed  there  has  been  any — 
certainly  the  pleasure  and  inspiration  which  has  enabled  the 
Chairman  to  keep  steadily  on,  month  by  month,  until  the  task 
was  finished,  arose  from  the  fact  that  these  devoted  women 
never  failed  to  answer  when  called  to  service. 


[117] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


WASHINGTON    DIVISION    OF    WOMAN'S   COMMITTEE 


Honorary  Chairman,  Mrs.  Ernest  Lister,  Olympia. 

Chairman,  Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee,  Olympia. 

Vice-Chairman,  Mrs.  N.  S.  McCready,  Snohomish. 

Secretary,  Mrs.  W.  J.  Patterson,  Aberdeen. 

Allied  Relief  Department,  Mrs.  C.  D.  Stimson,  Seattle. 

Americanization  Department,  Mrs.  N.  E.  Walton,  Tacoma. 

Child  Welfare  Department,  Mrs.  J.  C.  Todd,  Tacoma. 

Educational  Propaganda  Department,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Albertson,  Seattle. 

Food  Administration  Department,  Miss  Agnes  Craig,  Pullman. 

Food  Production  Department,  Mrs.  Winfield  R.  Smith,  Seattle. 

Health  and  Recreation  Department,  Mrs.  R.  C.  McCredie,  Sunny- 
side. 

Maintenance  of  Social  Agencies  Department,  Mrs.  N.  S.  McCready, 
Snohomish. 

Women  in  Industry  Department,  Mrs.  W.  S.  Griswold,  Seattle. 

Associate — Liberty  Loan  and  War  Savings,  Mrs.  O.  G.  Ellis, 
Tacoma. 

Associate — Commercial  Economy,  Mrs.  Helen  N.  Stevens,  Seattle. 

District  Chairmen: 
Mrs.  Solon  Shedd,  Pullman. 
Mrs.  W.  M.  Kern,  Walla  Walla. 
Mrs.  Frank  Reeves,  Wenatchee. 
Mrs.  W.  J.  Patterson,  Aberdeen. 
Mrs.  John  MacFadon,  Tacoma. 
Mrs.  L.  H.  Mendenhal,  Seattle. 
Mrs.  C.  X.  Larrabee,  Bellingham. 
Mrs.  R.  C.  McCredie,  Sunnyside. 

Members  at  Large 
Mrs.  Eliza  Ferry  Leary,  Seattle. 
Mrs.  John  Ewing  Price,  Seattle. 
Miss  Julia  Fletcher,  Tacoma. 
Mrs.  Emma  Smith  DeVoe,  Tacoma. 
Mrs.  Kate  Carlin,  Spokane. 
Mrs.  Florence  Griffin,  Blaine. 
Miss  Mary  E.  Brown,   Seattle. 
Mrs.  A.  L.  Carr,  Seattle. 
Mrs.  Josephine  Preston,  Olympia. 
Mrs.  W.  P.  Harper,  Seattle. 
Mrs.  B.  B.  Buchanan,  Seattle. 

[  118] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Prof.  Effie  I.  Raitt,  Seattle. 

Miss    Mary    Sutherland,    Pullman. 

Miss  Agnes  Craig,  Pullman. 

Dean  Ethel  Coldwell,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Frederic  W.  Keator,  Tacoma. 

Mrs.  W.  H.  Udall,  Tacoma. 

Miss  Elizabeth  MacDowell,  Olympia. 

Mrs.  Katie  Mason,  Spokane. 

Mrs.  S.  L.  W.  Clark,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Julia  A.  AUiman,  Everett. 

Mrs.  Carrie  Barr,  Yakima. 

Miss  Purington,   Spokane. 

Mrs.  J.  P.  Weyerhaeuser,  Tacoma. 

Miss  Mary  A.  Atkins,  Cheney. 

Mrs.   C.  C.  Brown,  Everett. 

Mrs.  Maud  G.  Barton,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Minnie  Schott,  Tekoa. 

Mrs.  Edith  Harris,  Bellingham. 

Mrs.  C.  B.  Penrose,  Walla  Walla. 

Mrs.  Edw.  H.  Todd,  Tacoma. 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Booker,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Jessie  E.  Martin,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  S.  Aronson,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Chas.  E.  Peabody,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  W.  S.  Griswold,  Seattle. 

Mrs,  Clarence  L.  White,  Seattle. 

Mrs.  Marie  Covington,  Seattle. 

Dean  Rhoda  White,  Pullman. 

County  Councillors 

Mrs,  George  A.  Day,  Clarkston. 

Mrs.  O.  K.  Williamson,  Prosser. 

Mrs.  Guy  B.  Browne,  Wenatchee. 

Mrs,  W.  J.  Ware,  Port  Angeles. 

Mrs.  A.  L.  Miller,  Vancouver. 

Mrs.  R.  R.  Cahill,  Dayton. 

Miss  Lucia  Jenkins,  Kalama. 

Miss  Edith  Greenberg,  Waterville. 

Mrs.  W.  T.  Beck,  Republic. 

Mrs.  Mary  I.  Wehe,  Pasco. 

Mrs.  E,  V.  Kuykendall,  Pomeroy. 

Mrs.  D.  T.  Cross,  Ephrata. 

Mrs.  H.  B.  Brown,  Aberdeen. 

Mrs.  F.  J.  Pratt,  Jr.,  Coupeville. 

Miss  Edith  DeLanty,  Point  Discovery. 

Mrs,  Edgar  Ames,  Seattle. 

[  119] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Mrs.  F.  Harlow,  Bremerton. 
Mrs.  J.  B.  Davidson,  Ellensburg. 
Mrs.  W.  E.  Brown,  Vader. 
Mrs.  F.  H.  McDermont,  Davenport. 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Norton,  Shelton. 
Miss  Georgian  Donald,  Okanogan. 
Mrs.  John  Welch,  South  Bend. 
Mrs.  Julia  Murphy,  Newport. 
Mrs.  C.  P.  Balabanoff,  Tacoma. 
Mrs.  T.  R.  Ramsden,  Friday  Harbor. 
Miss  Mabel  Graham,  Mt.  Vernon. 
Mrs.  Theo.  Lindis,  Stevenson. 
Mrs.  W.  H.  L.  Ford,  Everett. 
Mrs.  F.  A.  Noteware,  Spokane. 
Mrs.  L.  C.  Jesseph,  Colville. 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Mowell,  Olympia. 
Mrs.  Henry  Vinson,  Skamokawa. 
Miss  Grace  Isaacs,  Walla  Walla. 
Mrs.  Daniel  Campbell,  Bellingham. 
Mrs.  Solon  Shedd,  Pullman. 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Larson,  Yakima. 

In  closing  this  report,  I  cannot  refrain  from  adding  a 
word  of  appreciation  for  the  splendid  assistance  given  me  in 
all  my  work  by  the  members  of  the  State  Council.  That  which 
otherwise  might  have  been  difficult  indeed  became  rather  a 
source  of  pleasure  and  increased  opportunity  of  service  be- 
cause at  all  times  the  counsel  and  support  of  these  patriotic 
citizens  was  at  my  disposal. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

RUTH  KARR  McKEE. 


[120  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 


A  REPORT  OF  THE 

WOMEN'S  LIBERTY  LOAN  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  STATE 

OF  WASHINGTON  FOR  THE  SECOND,  THIRD 

AND  FOURTH  LIBERTY  LOANS. 


To  State  Council  of  Defense ; 

As  chairman  of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee  for 
the  State  of  Washington,  I  desire  to  submit  the  following 
report : 

On  July  28th,  1917,  I  received  a  telegram  from  the  Nation- 
al Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee  announcing  that  with  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Wm-  G.  McAdoo, 
I  was  appointed  State  Chairman  for  the  Woman's  Liberty 
Loan  work  for  the  State  of  Washington,  instructing  me  to 
co-operate  with  the  State  Division  of  the  Woman's  Commit- 
tee of  the  National  Council  of  Defense,  the  chairman  of  which 
had  been  appointed  for  this  State.  A  letter  of  instructions 
followed,  authorizing  me  to  utilize  such  existing  organizations 
for  the  promotion  of  the  Second  Liberty  Loan  as  my  judgment 
might  direct.  The  State  Council  of  Defense  had  been  organ- 
ized a  few  months  previous,  and  the  Woman's  Division  plan- 
ned for  the  organization  of  the  women  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington for  war  service.  The  chairman  of  Woman's  Work  for 
the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  Mrs.  J.  S.  McKee  and  the 
chairman  of  the  Woman's  Division,  National  Council  of  De- 
fense, was  Mrs.  Winfield  Smith.  These  two  committees  of- 
fered the  broadest  opportunity  of  a  State-wide  organization. 
As  a  member  of  both  committees,  I  asked  their  co-operation  in 
the  organization  of  the  women  of  the  State  of  Washington  to 
promote  the  Second  Liberty  Loan.  The  Woman's  Division 
was  not  in  operation  at  this  time  and  was  unable  to  render 
any  co-operation  in  the  Liberty  Loan  work.  My  own  avenue 
of  State-wide  organization  was  through  the  Woman's  Depart- 
ment of  the  State  Council  of  Defense.  Mrs.  McKee  and  T 
conferred  and  it  was  decided  after  receiving  instructions  from 
the  National  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  committee  to  work  in 

[  121] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

conjunction  with  the  Woman's  Committee  of  the  State  Coun- 
cil of  Defense,  that  the  organization  which  we  named  the 
Minute  Women  of  the  State  of  Washington,  with  a  county 
chairman  in  each  county,  would  successfully  reach  the  women 
throughout  the  State.  This  organization  is  described  in  detail 
in  Mrs.  McKee's  report. 

For  the  Second  Liberty  Loan  the  County  Chairman  whom 
Mrs.  McKee  appointed  to  organize  the  Minute  Women  of  each 
county,  also  appointed  them  as  county  chairmen  of  the 
Women's  Liberty  Loan  Committee  for  the  respective  counties 
in  the  state.  This  gave  me  the  privilege  of  utilizing  the  Min- 
ute Women  as  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee  in  each 
county. 

Mr-  J.  A.  Swalwell  of  Seattle  was  State  Chairman  for  the 
Second  Loan  and  organized  the  State  Central  Committee,  ap- 
pointing me  as  State  Chairman  of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan 
activities,  a  member  of  the  State  Central  Liberty  Loan  Com- 
mittee. This  State  Central  Committee  planned  the  Second 
Liberty  Loan  and  divided  the  state  into  six  districts;  the 
Northwestern  District,  with  Seattle  as  headquarters;  the 
Southwestern  District,  with  Tacoma  as  headquarters;  the 
North  Central  District,  with  Wenatchee  as  headquarters;  the 
South  Central  District,  with  Yakima  as  headquarters;  the 
Northeastern  District,  with  Spokane  as  headquarters,  and  the 
Southeastern  District,  with  Walla  Walla  as  headquarters. 

Li  addition  to  the  county  women  chairmen  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  I  appointed  District  Chairmen  to  co- 
operate with  the  six  District  Chairmen  of  the  Lib- 
erty Loan  Committee :  Mrs.  N.  S.  McCready,  President  of  the 
Washington  State  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  as  chairman 
for  the  Northwestern  District;  Mrs.  W.  J.  Patterson  of  Aber- 
deen for  the  Southwestern  District;  Mrs.  Frank  Reeves  of 
Wenatchee  for  the  North  Central  District;  Mrs.  R.  C.  Mc- 
Credie  of  Sunnyside  for  the  Yakima  District;  Mrs.  Sikko 
Barghoorn  of  Spokane  for  the  Spokane  District,  and  Mrs.  W. 
N.  Kern  of  Walla  Walla  for  the  Walla  Walla  District-  These 
six  district  chairmen  constituted  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  State  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee.    Mrs.  Patterson 

[  122  ] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

acted  as  First  Vice  Chairman  and  Mrs.  N.  S.  McCready  as 
Second  Vice  Chairman.  These  officers  continued  throughout 
the  Liberty  Loan  organization. 

During  the  Second  Liberty  Loan  drive  the  county  chair- 
men conformed  to  the  list  of  county  chairmen  of  the  Woman's 
committee  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  with  the  exception 
of  Douglas  County,  where  Mrs.  W.  F.  Schluenz  was  appointed 
county  chairman  of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  work,  and 
Okanogan  County,  where  Mrs.  J.  E.  Everett  was  appointed 
county  chairman  of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  work.  Both 
of  these  appointments  were  made  by  the  County  Council  of 
Defense  and  utilized  the  Minute  Women  of  the  County  Coun- 
cils and  co-operated  with  the  County  Liberty  Loan  organiza- 
tions- 
Second  Liberty  Loan 

During  the  Second  Liberty  Loan  drive  the  Minute  Woman 
organizations  of  the  various  counties  were  partially  organized, 
having  been  called  into  existence  only  a  few  weeks  prior  to 
the  Loan.  They  were  on  a  majority  of  the  County  Liberty 
Loan  Committees  and  Local  Liberty  Loan  Committees  and 
their  work  was  confined  principally  to  the  educational  propa- 
ganda of  the  Liberty  Loan  which  was  carried  on  through  the 
Minute  Woman  service  in  carrying  the  information  of  the 
Liberty  Loan  from  house  to  house,  and  through  the  many 
women's  organizations  which  were  represented  on  the  State 
Committee  for  the  women's  work  which  Mrs.  McKee  had  or- 
ganized as  the  Women's  Committee  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense. 

Mrs.  Josephine  C.  Preston,  State  Superintendent  of  Edu- 
cation, brought  into  co-operation  with  the  Woman's  Liberty 
Loan  Committee  the  school  organization  of  the  entire  State. 

For  the  Second  Liberty  Loan,  the  Women's  State  Liberty 
Loan  chairman,  acting  upon  the  authority  bestowed  by  the 
National  Committee,  appointed  Mrs.  Herbert  Witherspoon 
chairman  of  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee  for  the 
city  of  Spokane.  During  the  Second  Loan,  in  a  few  instances, 
women  were  made  salesmen  of  the  bonds,  but  their  valuable 

[123] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Cowncil  of  Defense 

work  was  the   promotion  of  the   educational   and   publicity- 
phases  of  the  Liberty  Loan  plans. 

Third  Liberty  Loan 

Before  the  opening  of  the  Third  Liberty  Loan  the  county 
organizations  of  the  Minute  Women  under  the  State  Council 
of  Defense  had  been  greatly  increased  throughout  the  State, 
so  that  the  organization  was  much  more  efficient  in  the  Third 
Loan  for  the  promotion  of  the  many  lines  of  activity  that  were 
required  in  the  Liberty  Loan  for  the  Third  Campaign.  The 
co-operation  between  the  Men's  Committee  and  the  Women's 
Committee  was  greatly  increased.  In  all  but  six  of  the  coun- 
ties of  the  State,  the  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  county  chairman 
was  a  member  of  the  County  Liberty  Loan  Committee  and 
women  were  organized  throughout  the  county,  co-operating 
with  the  men  on  the  committees  and  in  the  work  of  promot- 
ing the  Third  Loan.  In  twenty-five  counties  the  women  were 
made  salesmen  of  bonds  and  in  all  but  two  counties  of  the 
State  took  an  active  part  in  many  activities  which  promoted 
the  success  of  this  Loan.  The  co-operation  between  the  men 
and  women  was  so  harmonious  and  desirable  that  no  attempt 
was  made  to  segregate  the  reports  of  the  work  done  by  the 
women  for  this  Loan.  In  one  instance  only  was  it  possible 
to  accurately  state  the  amount  of  bonds  sold  by  the  woman's 
organization.  This  was  in  the  city  of  Spokane,  where  Mrs- 
Herbert  Witherspoon  as  chairman  of  the  Minute  Woman  ser- 
vice, which  consisted  of  1200  members  who  canvassed  the  city, 
was  enabled  to  report  that  the  women  sold  $1,300,000  worth 
of  bonds.  A  few  scattering  records  from  various  parts  of  the 
State  showed  that  the  women  had  actually  sold  to  the  amount 
of  $2,474,300  worth  of  bonds.  The  men  who  were  chairmen 
of  the  various  County  Liberty  Loan  Committees  estimated  the 
value  of  the  women's  work  as  in  promoting  the  Third  Liberty 
Loan  at  an  average  which  gave  the  women  of  the  State  of 
Washington  credit  for  selling  about  43%  of  the  bonds  sold  in 
this  State. 


[  124] 


Report  of  Washington  State  Council  of  Defense 

Fourth  Liberty  Loan 

Before  the  opening  of  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  the  Min- 
ute Woman  organization  had  been  greatly  perfected  in  its  ef- 
ficiency throughout  the  counties  and  it  became  necessary  to 
enlarge  the  State  Woman's  Liberty  Loan  Committee,  which 
again  co-operated  with  the  State  Central  Liberty  Loan  Com- 
mittee under  the  State  Chairman,  Mr.  J.  A.  Swalwell.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  woman's  organization  for  the  Third  Loan  there 
were  added  Mrs.  John  W.  MacFadon  of  Tacoma,  Chairman 
of  the  Finance  Committee,  and  Mrs.  Lowell  Mellett  of  Tacoma, 
Chairman  of  the  Publicity  Committee,  the  district  chairmen 
remaining  the  same.  In  the  Fourth  Loan  the  county  chair- 
men were  made  members  of  the  Liberty  Loan  Committee  in 
thirty-seven  out  of  the  thirty-nine  counties  of  the  State  and  the 
women's  organization  work  in  these  thirty-seven  counties  was 
closely  correlated  with  the  work  of  the  men's  committee.  The 
co-operation  in  the  work  of  the  men  and  women  has  resulted 
in  the  splendid  spirit  of  patriotic  service  of  work  for  the  Lib- 
erty Loan  which  gave  little  thought  to  the  segregating  of- ac- 
counts, so  that  it  has  been  impossible  to  give  any  exact  figures 
of  the  amount  of  bonds  which  were  due  to  the  work  of  the 
women,  but  the  value  of  their  services  has  been  deeply  appre- 
ciated by  the  men  who  had  charge  of  the  Liberty  Loan 
throughout  the  state.  The  report  of  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan 
credits  to  the  women  the  sale  of  $10,741,207.50  worth  of  bonds, 
which  was  184%  plus  of  the  state's  quota. 

The  result  of  the  women's  work  in  the  Liberty  Loan 
drives  for  the  State  of  Washington  has  been  to  call  the  activ- 
ities of  the  women  into  the  field  of  finance,  which  is  new,  but 
has  trained  them  to  be  efficient  workers  in  this  new  field.  The 
co-operation  of  the  men  and  women  has  resulted  in  the  devel- 
opment of  a  fine  community  spirit,  and  the  women's  know- 
ledge of  the  plans  of  war  finance  which  will  make  them  more 
valuable  as  citizens  and  more  competent  to  meet  the  new 
emergencies  which  may  arise  with  the  reconstruction  which 
peace  will  make  necessary. 

Respectfully  submitted, 
(MRS.  OVERTON  G.)  JENNIE   WILHITE   ELLIS, 

State  Chairman  Woman's  L.  L.  Com. 


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